Scythian languages - Language - lingvo.wikisort.org

lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

The Scythian languages (/ˈsɪθiən/ or /ˈsɪðiən/ or /ˈskɪθiən/) are a group of Eastern Iranian languages of the classical and late antique period (the Middle Iranian period), spoken in a vast region of Eurasia by the populations belonging to the Scythian cultures and their descendants. The dominant ethnic groups among the Scythian-speakers were nomadic pastoralists of Central Asia and the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Fragments of their speech known from inscriptions and words quoted in ancient authors as well as analysis of their names indicate that it was an Indo-European language, more specifically from the Iranian group of Indo-Iranian languages.

Scythian
The approximate distribution of Eastern Iranian languages in 100 BC appears in orange.^{[citation needed]}
Native to	Sarmatia, Scythia, Sistan, Scythia Minor, Alania
Region	Central Asia, Eastern Europe
Ethnicity	Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans
Era	Classical antiquity, late antiquity
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Eastern Iranian Scythian
Dialects	Cimmerian † Ossetian Wakhi Yaghnobi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: `xsc` – Scythian `xln` – Alanian `oos` – Old Ossetian
Linguist List	`xsc` Scythian
	`xln` Alanian
	`oos` Old Ossetian
Glottolog	`oldo1234` Old Ossetic
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Indo-European topics
Part of a series on

Languages List of Indo-European languages Extant Albanian Armenian Balto-Slavic Baltic Slavic Celtic Germanic Hellenic Greek Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Nuristani Italic Romance Extinct Anatolian Tocharian Paleo-Balkan Dacian Illyrian Liburnian Messapian Mysian Paeonian Phrygian Thracian Reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language Phonology: Sound laws, Accent, Ablaut Hypothetical Daco-Thracian Graeco-Armenian Graeco-Aryan Graeco-Phrygian Indo-Hittite Italo-Celtic Thraco-Illyrian Grammar Vocabulary Root Verbs Nouns Pronouns Numerals Particles Other Proto-Albanian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Armenian Proto-Germanic (Proto-Norse) Proto-Italo-Celtic (Proto-Celtic · Proto-Italic) Proto-Greek Proto-Balto-Slavic (Proto-Slavic · Proto-Baltic) Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Iranian)
Philology Hittite texts Hieroglyphic Luwian Linear B Rigveda Avesta Homer Behistun Gaulish epigraphy Latin epigraphy Runic epigraphy Ogam Gothic Bible Armenian Bible Slanting Brahmi Old Irish glosses
Origins Homeland Proto-Indo-Europeans Society Religion Mainstream Kurgan hypothesis Indo-European migrations Eurasian nomads Alternative and fringe Anatolian hypothesis Armenian hypothesis Beech argument Indigenous Aryans Baltic homeland Paleolithic Continuity Theory
Archaeology Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Pontic Steppe Domestication of the horse Kurgan Kurgan stelae Kurgan culture Steppe cultures Bug–Dniester Sredny Stog Dnieper–Donets Samara Khvalynsk Yamnaya Mikhaylovka culture Novotitorovka culture Caucasus Maykop East Asia Afanasievo Eastern Europe Usatovo Cernavodă Cucuteni Northern Europe Corded ware Baden Middle Dnieper Bronze Age Pontic Steppe Chariot Yamnaya Catacomb Multi-cordoned ware Poltavka Srubna Northern/Eastern Steppe Abashevo culture Andronovo Sintashta Europe Globular Amphora Corded ware Beaker Unetice Trzciniec Nordic Bronze Age Terramare Tumulus Urnfield Lusatian South Asia BMAC Yaz Gandhara grave Iron Age Steppe Chernoles Europe Thraco-Cimmerian Hallstatt Jastorf Caucasus Colchian India Painted Grey Ware Northern Black Polished Ware
Peoples and societies Bronze Age Anatolian peoples (Hittites) Armenians Mycenaean Greeks Indo-Iranians Iron Age Indo-Aryans Indo-Aryans Iranians Iranians East Asia Wusun Yuezhi Europe Celts Gauls Celtiberians Insular Celts Cimmerians Hellenic peoples Italic peoples Germanic peoples Paleo-Balkan/Anatolia Thracians Dacians Illyrians Paeonians Phrygians Middle Ages East Asia Tocharians Europe Albanians Balts Slavs Norsemen/Medieval Scandinavians Medieval Europe Indo-Aryan Medieval India Iranian Greater Persia
Religion and mythology Reconstructed Proto-Indo-European mythology Proto-Indo-Iranian religion Ancient Iranian religion Historical Hittite Indo-Aryan Vedic Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Iranian Persian Zoroastrianism Kurdish Yazidism Yarsanism Scythian Ossetian Others Armenian Europe Paleo-Balkan (Albanian · Illyrian · Thracian · Dacian) Greek Roman Celtic Irish Scottish Breton Welsh Cornish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Norse Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Slavic Practices Fire sacrifice Horse sacrifice Sati Winter solstice/Yule
Indo-European studies Scholars Marija Gimbutas J. P. Mallory Institutes Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European Publications Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture The Horse, the Wheel and Language Journal of Indo-European Studies Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
v t e

Most of the Scythian languages eventually became extinct, except for modern Ossetian (which descends from the Alanian dialect of Scytho-Sarmatian), Wakhi (which descends from the Khotanese and Tumshuqese forms of Scytho-Khotanese), and Yaghnobi (which descends from Sogdian). Alexander Lubotsky summarizes the known linguistic landscape as follows:[1]

Unfortunately, we know next to nothing about the Scythian of that period [Old Iranian] – we have only a couple of personal and tribal names in Greek and Persian sources at our disposal – and cannot even determine with any degree of certainty whether it was a single language.

Classification

The vast majority of Scythological scholars agree in considering the Scythian languages (and Ossetian) as a part of the Eastern Iranian group of languages. This Iranian hypothesis relies principally on the fact that the Greek inscriptions of the Northern Black Sea Coast contain several hundreds of Sarmatian names showing a close affinity to the Ossetian language. However, the classification of the Iranian languages in general is not fully resolved, and the Eastern Iranian languages are not shown to form an actual genetic subgroup.[2][3]

Some scholars detect a division of Scythian into two dialects: a western, more conservative dialect, and an eastern, more innovative one.[4] The Scythian languages may have formed a dialect continuum:

Alanian languages or Scytho-Sarmatian in the west: were spoken by people originally of Iranian stock from the 8th and 7th century BC onwards in the area of Ukraine, Southern Russia and Kazakhstan. Modern Ossetian survives as a continuation of the language family possibly represented by Scytho-Sarmatian inscriptions, although the Scytho-Sarmatian language family "does not simply represent the same [Ossetian] language" at an earlier date.

Saka languages or Scytho-Khotanese in the east: spoken in the first century in the Kingdom of Khotan (located in present-day Xinjiang, China), and including the Khotanese of Khotan and Tumshuqese of Tumshuq.[5]

Another dialect of Scythian evolved into the Sogdian language.[6]

Another East Iranian language related to the Scythian is the Chorasmian language.

Phonology

The Scythian language possessed the following phonemes:[6]

Vowels
	Front		Back
Close	i	iː	u	uː
Mid	eː		oː
Open		a	aː

Consonants
	Labial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Palatal		Velar		Labiovelar	Glottal
Plosive	p	b	t	d							k	ɡ
Affricate					t͡s		t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ
Fricative	f		θ		s	z	ʃ	ʒ			x		xʷ	h
Sonorant	m	w	l		n	r			y	l	(ŋ)

History

Early Eastern Iranians originated in the Yaz culture (ca. 1500–1100 BC) in Central Asia.[7] The Scythians migrated from Central Asia toward Eastern Europe in the 8th and 7th century BC, occupying today's Southern Russia and Ukraine and the Carpathian Basin and parts of Moldova and Dobruja. They disappeared from history after the Hunnish invasion of Europe in the 5th century AD, and Turkic (Avar, Batsange, etc.) and Slavic peoples probably assimilated most people speaking Scythian.^{[citation needed]} However, in the Caucasus, the Ossetian language belonging to the Scythian linguistic continuum remains in use today^[update], while in Central Asia, some languages belonging to Eastern Iranian group are still spoken, namely Pashto, Pamir languages and Yaghnobi.

Corpus

Inscriptions

Some scholars ascribe certain inscribed objects found in the Carpathian Basin and in Central Asia to the Scythians, but the interpretation of these inscriptions remains disputed (given that nobody has definitively identified the alphabet or translated the content).

Saqqez inscription

An inscription from Saqqez, dating from the Scythian presence in Western Asia, and written in the Hieroglyphic Luwian script, may represent Scythian:[8]

Inscription of Saqqez
Line	Phonetic transliteration	Scythian transliteration	English translation
1	pa-tì-na-sa-nà tà-pá wá-s₆-na-m₅ XL was-was-ki XXX ár-s-tí-m₅ ś₃-kar-kar (HA) har-s₆-ta₅ LUGAL	patinasana tapa. vasnam: 40 vasaka 30 arzatam šikar. UTA harsta XŠAYAI.	Delivered dish. Value: 40 calves 30 silver šiqlu. And it was presented to the king.
2	par-tì-ta₅-wa₅ ki-ś₃-a₄-á KUR-u-pa-ti QU-wa-a₅	Partitava xšaya DAHYUupati xva-	King Partitavas, the masters of the land pro-
3	i₅-pa-ś₂-a-m₂	ipašyam	-perty

The king Partitava mentioned in this inscription is the same individual as the Scythian king Pr̥ϑutavā, whose name is attested as Bartatua in Assyrian records and as Protothyēs in Greek records.[8]

Issyk inscription

The Issyk inscription is not yet certainly deciphered, and is probably in a Scythian dialect, constituting one of very few autochthonous epigraphic traces of that language. János Harmatta, using the Kharoṣṭhī script, identified the language as a Khotanese Saka dialect spoken by the Kushans, tentatively translating:[9]

Issyk inscription
Line	Transliteration	English translation
1	za(ṃ)-ri ko-la(ṃ) mi(ṃ)-vaṃ vaṃ-va pa-zaṃ pa-na de-ka mi(ṃ)-ri-to	The vessel should hold wine of grapes, added cooked food, so much, to the mortal,
2	ña-ka mi pa-zaṃ vaṃ-va va-za(ṃ)-na vaṃ.	then added cooked fresh butter on

Personal names

The primary sources for Scythian words remain the Scythian toponyms, tribal names, and numerous personal names in the ancient Greek texts and in the Greek inscriptions found in the Greek colonies on the Northern Black Sea Coast. These names suggest that the Sarmatian language had close similarities to modern Ossetian.[10]

Recorded Scythian personal names include:

Name	Attested forms	Notes
*Ariyapaiϑah	Ancient Greek: Αριαπειθης, romanized: Ariapeithēs	Composed of:[11][12][13][14] Ariya-, meaning “Aryan” and “Iranian.” paiϑah-, meaning “decoration” and “adornment.” Compare with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa).
*Hupāyā	Ancient Greek: Οποιη, romanized: Opoiē	Composed of:[12] hu-, “good.” pāyā-, “protection”; an abstraction of the root *pā-, “to protect.”
*Pr̥ϑutavā	Akkadian: , romanized: Bartatua or Partatua[15] Ancient Greek: Προτοθυης, romanized: Protothuēs	Composed of:[16][17] pr̥ϑu- “wide, broad.” Compare with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬎 (pərᵊϑu-). -tavah- “strength, power.” Compare with Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (-tauuah-).
*Skula	Ancient Greek: Σκυλης, romanized: Skulēs	From the Scythian endonym Skula, itself a later dialectal form of Skuδa resulting from a sound change from /δ/ to /l/.[18]
*Spakaya	Akkadian: , romanized: Išpakaia	Hypocorostic derivation from the word *spaka, meaning “dog.”[13]
*Spargapis	Ancient Greek: Σπαργαπισης, romanized: Spargapisēs	Composed of:[12][19][13][14] sparga- “scion” and “descendant.” Compare with Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀 (sparᵊγa). pis- “decoration” and “adornment.” Compare with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa). Spargapis and Spargapaiϑah are variants of the same name.[20][12][19]
*Spargapaiϑah	Ancient Greek: Σπαργαπειθης, romanized: Spargapeithēs	Composed of:[12][19][13][14] sparga- “scion” and “descendant.” Compare with Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀 (sparᵊγa). paiϑah- “decoration” and “adornment.” Compare with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa). Spargapaiϑah and Spargapis are variants of the same name.[20][12][19]
*Tigratavā	Ancient Greek: Τιργαταω, romanized: Tirgataō	Means “with the strength of an arrow.” Composed of:[21][12] tigra- “arrow.” Compare with Avestan 𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬌 (tiγri-), “arrow.” -tavah- “strength, power.” Compare with Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (-tauuah-).
Tumurī̆ or Tumuriya Taumurī̆ or Taumuriya Θumurī̆ or Θumuriya Θaumurī̆ or Θaumuriya Θvāmurī̆ or Θvāmuriya	Ancient Greek: Τομυρις, romanized: Tomuris	Derived from a cognate of Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥 (taoxman) and Old Persian 𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠 (taumā), meaning “seed,” “germ,” and “kinship.”[12]
*Uxtamazatā	Ancient Greek: Οκταμασαδης, romanized: Oktamasadēs	Means “possessing greatness through his words.” Composed of:[12] uxta-, “word.” Compare with Avestan 𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬀 (uxta), “spoken,” and 𐬎𐬑𐬜𐬀 (uxδa), “word”. -mazatā-, “great.”
*Varika	Ancient Greek: Ορικος, romanized: Orikos	Hypocorostic derivation from the word vari-, meaning “chest armour, armour.” Compare with Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (vaⁱri-), 𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬌 (uuari-*) “chest armour.”[12]

Place names

Some scholars believe that many toponyms and hydronyms of the Russian and Ukrainian steppe have Scythian links. For example, Vasmer associates the name of the river Don with an assumed/reconstructed unattested Scythian word *dānu "water, river", and with Avestan dānu-, Pashto dand and Ossetian don.[22] The river names Don, Donets, Dnieper, Danube, and Dniester, and lake Donuzlav (the deepest one in Crimea) may also belong with the same word-group.[23]

Recorded Scythian place names include:

Name	Attested forms	Notes
*Dānu	Ancient Greek: Ταναις, romanized: Tanais	Means “river.”[12]
*Pantikapa	Ancient Greek: Παντικαπαιον, romanized: Pantikapaion	Means “fish-path.” Composed of:[24] panti-, “path.” Compare with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬧‎𐬙𐬃‎ (paṇ‎tā̊), “path.” kapa-, “fish.” Compare with Khotanese Saka kavā and Ossetian Кӕф kæf.
*Rahā	Ancient Greek: Ρα, romanized: Rha	Means “wetness.” Compare with Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁 (raŋhā) and Vedic Sanskrit रसा (rasā́).[25]
*Varu	Ancient Greek: Οαρος, romanized: Oaros	Means “broad.”[26]
*Varustāna	Ancient Greek: Βορυσθενης, romanized: Borusthenēs	Composed of:[26] varu- “broad.” stāna “space.”

Herodotus' Scythian etymologies

The Greek historian Herodotus provides another source of Scythian; he reports that the Scythians called the Amazons Oiorpata, and explains the name as a compound of oior, meaning "man", and pata, meaning "to kill" (Hist. 4,110).

Most scholars associate oior "man" with Avestan vīra- "man, hero", Sanskrit vīra-, Latin vir (gen. virī) "man, hero, husband",[27] PIE *wiHrós. Various explanations account for pata "kill":
1. Persian pat- "(to) kill", patxuste "killed";[28]
2. Sogdian pt- "(to) kill", ptgawsty "killed";[29]
3. Ossetian fædyn "cleave", Sanskrit pātayati "fell", PIE *peth₂- "fall".[30]
4. Avestan paiti- "lord", Sanskrit páti, PIE *pótis, cf. Lat. potestate (i.e. "man-ruler");[31]
5. Ossetian maryn "kill", Pashto mrəl, Sanskrit mārayati, PIE *mer- "die" (confusion of Greek Μ and Π);[32]
Alternatively, one scholar suggests Iranian aiwa- "one" + warah- "breast",[33] the Amazons believed to have removed a breast to aid drawing a bow, according to some ancient folklorists, and as reflected in Greek folk-etymology: a- (privative) + mazos, "without breast".

Elsewhere Herodotus explains the name of the mythical one-eyed tribe Arimaspoi as a compound of the Scythian words arima, meaning "one", and spu, meaning "eye" (Hist. 4,27).

Some scholars connect arima "one" with Ossetian ærmæst "only", Avestic airime "quiet", Greek erēmos "empty", PIE *h₁(e)rh₁mo-?, and spu "eye" with Avestic spas- "foretell", Sanskrit spaś-, PIE *speḱ- "see".[34]
However, Iranian usually expresses "one" and "eye" with words like aiwa- and čašman- (Ossetian īw and cæst).
Other scholars reject Herodotus' etymology and derive the ethnonym Arimaspoi from Iranian aspa- "horse" instead.[35]
Or the first part of the name may reflect something like Iranian raiwant- "rich", cf. Ossetian riwæ "rich".[36]

Scythian theonyms

Name	Attested forms	Notes
*Tapatī́	Ancient Greek: Ταβιτι romanized: Tabiti	Means “the Burning One” or “the Flaming One.”[37][38] Related to:[39][40][41] Avestan 𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (tāpaiieⁱti), “to warm.” Sanskrit तापयति (tapayati), “to heat” and “to warm”; theonym तपती (Tapatī); तपस् (tápas) Latin tepeo.
*Api	Ancient Greek: Απι, romanized: Api and Απια, romanized: Apia	Related to Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬌 (api), “water.”[40]
*Dargatavā	Ancient Greek: Ταργιταος, romanized: Targitaos	Means “whose might is far-reaching.” Composed of:[12] darga, “long.” Compare with Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬔𐬀‎ (darᵊga), “long.” -tavah- “strength, power.” Compare with Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (-tauuah-).
	Ancient Greek: Αρτιμπασα, romanized: Artimpasa	Composed of:[40] Iranian theonym Arti a term related to paya, “pasture” and *pati, “lord”
*Gaiϑāsūra	Ancient Greek: Γοιτοσυρος, romanized: Goitosuros	Composed of:[13] gaiϑā, “herd” and “possessions.” Cognate of 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬱 (gaoiiaoⁱtiš), “cow pasture.”[42] sūra, “strong” and “mighty.”
	Ancient Greek: Θαγιμασαδας, romanized: Thagimasadas and Θαμιμασαδας, romanized: Thamimasadas	Composed of: a possible cognate of Avestan 𐬚𐬡𐬁𐬴𐬀 (ϑβāṣ̌a), “firmament,” and Vedic Sanskrit त्वक्ष् (tvakṣ-) or तक्ष् (takṣ-), “to create by putting into motion.” mazatā, meaning “great.”[12]
*Apatura	Ancient Greek: Απατουρος, romanized: Apatouros	Composed of:[43] ap-, “water.” Related to Avestan 𐬀𐬞 (ap-), “water.” tura-, “quick” or “mighty.”

Pliny the Elder

Pliny the Elder's Natural History (AD 77–79) derives the name of the Caucasus from the Scythian kroy-khasis = ice-shining, white with snow (cf. Greek cryos = ice-cold).

Aristophanes

In the comedy works of Aristophanes, the dialects of various Greek people are accurately imitated. In his Thesmophoriazusae, a Scythian archer (a member of a police force in Athens) speaks broken Greek, consistently omitting the final -s (-ς) and -n (ν), using the lenis in place of the aspirate, and once using ks (ξ) in place of s (sigma); these may be used to elucidate the Scythian languages.[44]

Alanian

The Alanian language as spoken by the Alans from about the 5th to the 11th centuries AD formed a dialect directly descended from the earlier Scytho-Sarmatian languages, and forming in its turn the ancestor of the Ossetian language. Byzantine Greek authors recorded only a few fragments of this language.[45]

Notes

Lubotsky 2002, p. 190.
Compare L. Zgusta, Die griechischen Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste [The Greek personal names of the Greek cities of the northern Black Sea coast], 1955.
Witzel, Michael (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830.
E.g. Harmatta 1970.^{[page needed]}
Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Reichert, 1989.^{[page needed]}
Novák, Ľubomír (2013). Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages. Charles University. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
J.P.Mallory (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Dearborn. p. 310. ISBN 9781884964985.
Harmatta, János (1999). "Herodotus, Historian of the Cimmerians and the Scythians". In Reverdin, Olivier; Nenci, Giuseppe (eds.). Hérodote et les Peuples Non Grecs [Herodotus and the Non-Greek Peoples] (in French). Vandœuvres, Switzerland: Fondation Hardt pour l’étude de l’Antiquité classique. pp. 115–130. ISBN 978-3-774-92415-4.
Harmatta, János (1992). "Languages and Literature in the Kushan Empire" (PDF). In Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János; Puri, Baij Nath; Etemadi, G. F.; Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp. 407–431. ISBN 978-9-231-02846-5.
Lincoln, Bruce (2014). "Once again 'the Scythian' myth of origins (Herodotus 4.5–10)". Nordlit. 33 (33): 19–34. doi:10.7557/13.3188.
Hinz 1975, p. 40.
Schmitt 2003.
Schmitt, Rüdiger (2018). "SCYTHIAN LANGUAGE". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
Schmitt 2011.
Ivantchik, Askold (1999). "The Scythian 'Rule Over Asia': the Classical Tradition and the Historical Reality". In Tsetskhladze, G.R. (ed.). Ancient Greeks West and East. Leiden, Netherlands; Boston, United States: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11190-5. Though Madyes himself is not mentioned in Akkadian texts, his father, the Scythian king Par-ta-tu-a, whose identification with Προτοθύης of Herodotus is certain.
Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000). "PROTOTHYES". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Bukharin 2011.
Ivantchik, Askold (April 25, 2018). "Scythians". Encyclopædia Iranica.
Schmitt, Rüdiger (2018). "MASSAGETAE". Encyclopædia Iranica.
Hinz 1975, p. 226.
Mayor, Adrienne (2014). The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press. pp. 370–371. ISBN 978-0-691-14720-8.
M. Vasmer, Untersuchungen über die ältesten Wohnsitze der Slaven. Die Iranier in Südrußland, Leipzig 1923, 74.
Kretschmer, Paul (1935). "Zum Balkan-Skythischen". Glotta. 24 (1–2): 1–56 [7–56]. JSTOR 40265408.
Diakonoff, I. M. (1985). "Media". In Gershevitch, Ilya (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2.
Brunner, C. J. (1986). "ARANG". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 13 August 2022. Middle Persian Arang/Arag renders Avestan Raŋhā, which is cognate with the Scythian name Rhâ (*Rahā) transmitted by Ptolemy
Harmatta, János (1999). "Herodotus, Historian of the Cimmerians and the Scythians". In Reverdin, Olivier; Nenci, Giuseppe (eds.). Hérodote et les Peuples Non Grecs [Herodotus and the Non-Greek Peoples] (in French). Vandœuvres, Switzerland: Fondation Hardt pour l’étude de l’Antiquité classique. pp. 115–130. ISBN 978-3-774-92415-4.
"Vir - the Latin Dictionary".
Gharib, B. (1995). Sogdian Dictionary, Sogdian-Persian-English. Tehran, Iran: Farhangan Publications. p. 376. ISBN 964-5558-06-9.
Gharib, B. (1995). Sogdian Dictionary, Sogdian-Persian-English. Tehran, Iran: Farhangan Publications. p. 376. ISBN 964-5558-06-9.
L. Zgusta, "Skythisch οἰόρπατα «ἀνδροκτόνοι»", Annali dell’Istituto Universario Orientale di Napoli 1 (1959) pp. 151–156.
Vasmer, Die Iranier in Südrußland, 1923, 15.
V.I. Abaev, Osetinskij jazyk i fol’klor, Moscow / Leningrad 1949, vol. 1, 172, 176, 188.
Hinge 2005, pp. 94–98
J. Marquart, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran, Göttingen 1905, 90–92; Vasmer, Die Iranier in Südrußland, 1923, 12; H.H. Schaeder, Iranica. I: Das Auge des Königs, Berlin 1934, 16–19.
W. Tomaschek, "Kritik der ältesten Nachrichten über den skythischen Norden", Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 116 (1888), 715–780, here: 761; K. Müllenhoff, Deutsche Altertumskunde, Berlin 1893, vol. 3, 305–306; R. Grousset, L’empire des steppes, Paris 1941, 37 n. 3; I. Lebedensky, Les Scythes. La civilisation des steppes (VII^e-III^e siècles av. J.-C.), Paris 2001, 93.
Hinge 2005, pp. 89–94
West, Martin Litchfield (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-199-28075-9.
Jones, Lindsay (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 12. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 8205–8208.
Cheung, Johnny (2007). Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 378–379. ISBN 978-9-004-15496-4.
Ustinova 1999, p. 67-128.
Raevskiy 1993, p. 17-18.
Herzfeld, Ernst (1947). Zoroaster and His World. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press. p. 516.
Ustinova 1999, p. 29-66.
Donaldson, John William (1844). Varronianus: A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Philological Study of the Latin Language. J. and J. J. Deighton. p. 32.
Ladislav Zgusta, "The old Ossetian Inscription from the River Zelenčuk" (Veröffentlichungen der Iranischen Kommission = Sitzungsberichte der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse 486) Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1987. ISBN 3-7001-0994-6 in Kim, op.cit., 54.

Bibliography

Bukharin, Mikhail Dmitrievich (2011). "Колаксай и его братья (античная традиция о происхождении царской власти у скифов" [Kolaxais and his Brothers (Classical Tradition on the Origin of the Royal Power of the Scythians)]. Аристей: вестник классической филологии и античной истории (in Russian). 3: 20–80. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
Harmatta, J.: Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians, Szeged 1970.
Hinge, George (2005). "Herodot zur skythischen Sprache. Arimaspen, Amazonen und die Entdeckung des Schwarzen Meeres". Glotta (in German). 81: 86–115.
Hinz, Walther (1975). Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberleiferung [Old Iranian Language from Collateral Sources] (in German). Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-01703-1.
Humbach, Helmut & Klaus Faiss. Herodotus’s Scythians and Ptolemy’s Central Asia: Semasiological and Onomasiological Studies. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2012
Lubotsky, Alexander (2002). "Scythian elements in Old Iranian" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. The British Academy; azargoshnasp. 116: 189–202.
Mayrhofer, M.: Einiges zu den Skythen, ihrer Sprache, ihrem Nachleben. Vienna 2006.
Schmitt, Rüdiger (2003). "Die skythischen Personennamen bei Herodot" [Scythian Personal Names in Herodotus] (PDF). Annali dell'Università degli Studi di Napoli l'Orientale (in German). 63: 1–31. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
Schmitt, Rüdiger (2011). Iranisches Personennamenbuch [Book of Iranian Personal Names] (in German). Vol. 5.5a. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-3-700-17142-3..
Ustinova, Yulia (1999). The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom: Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God. Leiden, Netherlands; Boston, United States. ISBN 978-9-004-11231-5.
Zgusta, L.: Die griechischen Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste. Die ethnischen Verhältnisse, namentlich das Verhältnis der Skythen und Sarmaten, im Lichte der Namenforschung, Prague 1955.

Iranian languages

History

Eastern

Pamir	Bartangi Ishkashimi Khufi Munji Roshani Sanglechi Sarikoli Shughni Vanji Wakhi Yazghulami Yidgha
Others	Avestan Bactrian Khwarezmian Parachi Pashto Central Northern Southern Wanetsi Ormuri Saka Scythian Alanian Old Ossetic Ossetian Digor Iron Jassic Sogdian Yaghnobi

Western

North	Ashtiani Balochi Daylami Fars Gilaki Gorani Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Xwarin Kordali Laki Mazanderani Median Old Azeri Parthian Semnani Lasgerdi Sangsari Sorkhei Taleshi Tati Zaza Zoroastrian Dari
South	Achomi Bashkardi Kumzari Luri Bakhtiari Persian Caucasian Tat Dari Hazaragi Tajik Old Persian Middle Persian

Italics indicate extinct or historical languages.
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

v t e Scythia
Peoples	Achaei Agathyrsi Amazons Arimaspi Budini Cercetae Cimmerians Gelonians Neuri Saka Amyrgians Massagetae Indo-Scythians Sarmatians Agaragantes Alans Aorsi Cissianti Limigantes Phoristae Rimphaces Roxolani Serboi Siraces Spondolici Yancai Iazyges Scythians Abii Cadusii Gelae Hamaxobii Legae Sindi Spali Pazyryk culture Tagar culture Tauri Thyssagetae Zygii
Culture	Art Jewellery Culture Horizon Languages Religion
Regions	Kazakh Steppe Sistan Sakasene Parama Kamboja Kingdom Alania Scythia Minor Crimea Lower Danube Sarmatia Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea Pontic–Caspian steppe
Related	Iranian peoples History of the western steppe Bosporan Kingdom Sarmatism Iranian origin hypotheses of Croats and Serbs
Category:Scythia, Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia

На других языках

- [en] Scythian languages

Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2025
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии

Classification

Phonology

History

Corpus

Inscriptions

Saqqez inscription

Issyk inscription

Personal names

Place names

Herodotus' Scythian etymologies

Scythian theonyms

Pliny the Elder

Aristophanes

Alanian

See also

Notes

Bibliography

На других языках

[es] Lenguas escito-sármatas

[it] Lingue scitiche

[ru] Скифо-сарматские языки