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Old Catalan is the modern denomination for Romance varieties that during the Middle Ages were spoken in territories that spanned roughly the territories of the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and the island of Sardinia; all of them then part of the Crown of Aragon. These varieties were part of a dialect continuum with what today is called Old Occitan that reached the Loire Valley in the north and Northern Italy in the east. Consequently Old Catalan can be considered a dialect group of Old Occitan, or be classified as an Occitano-Romance variety side by side with Old Occitan (also known as Old Provençal).[2]

Old Catalan
catalanesc
Region	Principality of Catalonia, Kingdom of Valencia, Balearic islands, Sardinia
Era	evolved into Modern Catalan by the 16th century[1]
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Romance Western Gallo-Romance Occitano-Romance Old Catalan
Early forms	Old Latin Classical Latin Vulgar Latin
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
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The modern separation of Catalan and Occitan should not be confused with a clear separation between the languages in the mindset of their speakers historically. The dialects of Modern Catalan were still considered to be part of the same language as the dialects of Occitan in the 19th century, when Catalans still could call their language Llengua llemosina, using the name of the Limousin dialect as a metonymy for Occitan.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants of Old Catalan[3][4]

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
					plain	labialised
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	(ŋ)
Stop	voiceless	p	t		k	kʷ
	voiced	b	d		ɡ	ɡʷ
Affricate	voiceless		ts	tʃ
	voiced		dz	dʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ
	voiced	v	z	(ʒ)
Approximant	central			j		w
	lateral		l	ʎ
Rhotic			r ~ ɾ

Laterals

It is believed that Old Catalan featured a sequence /jl/ that contrasted with /ʎ/ in non-initial positions. The former came from the Latin groups C'L, G'L, LE, and LI and was written as ⟨yl⟩ and ⟨il⟩, whereas the latter was written ⟨ll⟩. The palatal lateral has remained unchanged in modern Catalan, but the /jl/ sequence has coalesced into /ʎ/ in most dialects, removing the distinction. In a minority of dialects, the /l/ was dropped, yielding a merger with /j/ instead.[5]

Around the 12th century, word-initial /l/ became /ʎ/, but it continued to be spelled as ⟨l⟩ until the 15th century.[6]

Labiodentals

/v/ began to merge into /b/ in some dialects around the 14th century, a process called betacism.[7] Now, the distinction is maintained only in Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and southern Tarragona.[8]

Vowels

Vowels of Old Catalan[3]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e	ə	o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open	a

The system features a modification of the original Proto-Romance /e/ and /ɛ/. First, /e/ was centralized to /ə/ and then, /ɛ/ was raised to /e/. In Modern Central Catalan, stressed /ə/ has been fronted to /ɛ/, thus partially inverting the original Proto-Romance distribution still found in Italian and Portuguese. Balearic varieties still keep stressed /ə/.

It is assumed that during the preliterary period, all Catalan dialects featured a weak realization of the pretonic vowels. Around the 13th century, pretonic /a/ and /e/ began to be confused in writing in the Eastern dialects, and the confusion later spread to all unstressed instances of /a/ and /e/, a process that was almost complete by the 15th century.[9][10]

Final post-tonic /e, o/ were lost[3] during the formation of Catalan. According to some historic studies,[11] final nasals were velarised and assimilated before being lost in Modern Catalan: [ˈpãŋ] → [ˈpã] → [ˈpa]).

Orthography

Current Catalan orthography is mostly based on mediaeval practice, but some of the pronunciations and conventions have changed.

• Accents (such as ⟨´⟩ and ⟨`⟩) and the diaeresis ⟨¨⟩ were used less frequently.
• The tilde ⟨~⟩ was sometimes used above a vowel to replace a following ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩.
• The interpunct ⟨·⟩ was often used to indicate elision and hyphenation.^{[example needed]}
• ⟨c⟩ in front of ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩; ⟨ç⟩ and final ⟨z⟩ (also spelled ⟨ç⟩, and ⟨s⟩ after merging with /s/) represented /ts/ instead of modern /s/: Old Catalan /ˈtsɛl/, modern cel /ˈsɛl/
• ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩ and ⟨th⟩ represented /k/, /f/, /r/ and /t/. Mediaeval scribes often confused them with ⟨c⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨r⟩ and ⟨t⟩
• ⟨ch⟩ represented /tʃ/, especially in the Valencian variant
• ⟨ch⟩ at the end of the word was used for /k/ , instead of modern ⟨c⟩, until the early 20th century; for example, modern amic was written amich ("friend").
• ⟨yl⟩, ⟨il⟩, were used for the sequence /jl/. In the modern language, it has come to be pronounced /ʎ/ or /j/ depending on the dialect. Both are now written as ⟨ll⟩: modern mirall was written mirail or mirayl ("mirror"), cf. Latin miraculus.
• Initial /ʎ/, which appeared in the 12th century from initial /l/, was written as ⟨l⟩ until the 15th century to maintain connections with Latin etyma.[6] In the modern language, it is written as ⟨ll⟩: e.g. modern llibre was written libre ("book"). Cf. Latin liber.
• ⟨h⟩ was frequently omitted: modern haver was written aver ("to have"), cf. Latin habere.
• ⟨h⟩ was sometimes used to mark hiatus: modern veí was written vehi ("neighbour")
• Final unvoiced obstruents were often written as such. In the modern language, the characters for their voiced counterparts may be used to reflect Latin etymology: modern fred was written fret ("cold"), cf. Latin frigidus.

History

Early Middle Ages

By the 9th century, the Catalan language had developed from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees mountains (counties of Rosselló, Empúries, Besalú, Cerdanya, Urgell, Pallars and Ribagorça), as well as in the territories of the Roman province and later archdiocese of Tarraconensis to the south.[12] From the 8th century on, the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards, conquering territories then occupied by Muslims, bringing their language with them.[12]

This phenomenon gained momentum with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988 AD.[12] By the 9th century, the Christian rulers occupied the northern parts of present-day Catalonia, usually termed "Old Catalonia", and during the 11th and 12th centuries they expanded their domains to the region north of the Ebro river, a land known as "New Catalonia".[12] During the 13th century, the Catalans expanded to the Land of Valencia and across to the Balearic Islands and Alghero in Sardinia.[12]

According to historian Jaume Villanueva (1756–1824), the first attested Catalan sentence is thought to be found in an 8th-century manuscript from Ripoll that has since been lost. It was a whimsical note in 10th- or early 11th-century calligraphy: Magister m[eu]s no vol que em miras novel ("my master does not want you to watch me, newbie").[15]

During the 11th century, several feudal documents (especially oaths and complaints) written in macaronic Latin began to exhibit elements of Catalan, with proper names or even sentences in Romance.[16] Of special historical and linguistic importance is the Memorial of Complaints of Ponç I[17] (ca. 1050–1060), featuring whole sentences in Romance.[16] By the end of the 11th century, documents written completely or mostly in Catalan begin to appear, like the Complaints of Guitard Isarn, Lord of Caboet (ca. 1080–1095), or The Oath of peace and truce of count Pere Ramon (1098).[16] Catalan shares many features with Gallo-Romance languages, which are mostly located in France and Northern Italy. Old Catalan diverged from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries.[18]

Late Middle Ages

Catalan lived a golden age during the Late Middle Ages, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural plenitude.[12] Examples of this can be seen in the works of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th-14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry which culminated in Ausiàs March (1397–1459).[12]

By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the center of social and cultural dynamism, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world.[12] The belief that political splendor was correlated with linguistic consolidation was voiced through the Royal Chancery, which promoted a highly standardized language.[12]

The outstanding[12] novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490), by Joanot Martorell, shows the transition from medieval to Renaissance values, something than can also be seen in the works of Bernat Metge and Andreu Febrer.[12] During this period, Catalan was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".[12] The flowering of the Renaissance was closely associated with the advent of the printing press, and the first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Valencia in 1474: Trobes en llaors de la Verge maria ("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary").[12]

See also

• History of Catalan
• Limousin language
• Old Provençal

References

Bibliography

• Costa Carreras, Joan; Yates, Alan (2009). The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected Writings/Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948). Instutut d'Estudis Catalans & Universitat Pompeu Fabra & Jonh Benjamins B.V. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-90-272-3264-9.
• Duarte i Montserrat, Carles; Alsina i Keith, Àlex (1984), Gramàtica històrica del català, Curial, ISBN 8472562344
• Moran, Josep (1994). Treballs de lingüística històrica catalana (in Catalan). Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Monsterrat. pp. 55–93. ISBN 84-7826-568-6.
• Moran, Josep (2004). Estudis d'història de la llengua catalana (in Catalan). Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 37–38. ISBN 84-8415-672-9.
• Recasens, Daniel (1996). Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. ISBN 9788472833128.
• Riquer, Martí de (1964). Història de la Literatura Catalana (in Catalan). Vol. 1. Barcelona: Ariel.
• Veny, Joan (1997). "greuges de Guitard isarn, Senyor de Caboet (1080–1095)". Homenatge a Arthur Terry. Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 9–18. ISBN 84-7826-894-4.

На других языках

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- [en] Old Catalan

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[es] Catalán medieval

El catalán antiguo o catalán medieval (autónimo: catalanesc, romanz, catalán moderno: català antic) fue la lengua romance hablada durante la Edad Media precursora de las variedades lingüísticas autóctonas modernas conocidas como catalán, valenciano, balear, rosellonés y alguerés. Forma parte de la lingua franca hablada desde el golfo de Génova hasta el de Valencia. Este arco se cortó cuando el rey de Francia impuso la lengua de oïl sobre la lengua de oc en toda la Provenza.

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[it] Lingua catalana medievale

Il catalano antico era la lingua romanza, antenata del catalano attuale, parlata approssimativamente nei territori del Principato di Catalogna, del Regno di Valencia, nelle isole Baleari e nell'isola di Sardegna.

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