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Sidama or Sidaamu Afoo is an Afro-Asiatic language belonging to the Highland East Cushitic branch of the Cushitic family. It is spoken in parts of southern Ethiopia by the Sidama people, particularly in the densely populated Sidama National Regional State (SNRS). Sidaamu Afoo is the ethnic autonym for the language, while Sidaminya is its name in Amharic. Although it is not known to have any specific dialects, it shares over 64% lexical similarity with Alaba-K'abeena, 62% with Kambaata, and 53% with Hadiyya, all of which are other languages spoken in southwestern Ethiopia. The word order is typically SOV. Sidaama has over 100,000 L2 speakers. The literacy rate for L1 speakers is 1%-5%, while for L2 speakers it is 20%. In terms of its writing, Sidaama used an Ethiopic script up until 1993, from which point forward it has used a Latin script.[2]

Sidama
Native toEthiopia
RegionSidama region
Native speakers
3 million (2010)[1]
Language family
Afro-Asiatic
  • Cushitic
    • Highland East
      • Sidama
Language codes
ISO 639-2sid
ISO 639-3sid
Glottologsida1246

The term Sidamo has also been used by some authors to refer to larger groupings of East Cushitic and even Omotic languages.[3] The languages within this Sidamo grouping contain similar, alternating phonological features.[4] The results from a research study conducted in 1968-1969 concerning mutual intelligibility between different Sidamo languages suggest that Sidaama is more closely related to the Gedeo language, which it shares a border with to the south, than other Sidamo languages.[5] According to the Ethnologue, the two languages share a lexical similarity of 60%.[6] Sidaama vocabulary has been influenced by Oromo vocabulary.


Phonology



Consonants


Labial Dental/
Alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate
plain b td kg
ejective tʃʼ ʔ
implosive ɗ
Fricative f sz ʃ h
Nasal plain m n ɲ
glottalized ʼm ʼn
Tap/Flap plain ɾ
glottalized ʼɾ
Approximant plain w l j
glottalized ʼl ʼj

Vowels


Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Open a aː

Grammar



Noun Phrases


In Sidaama, not all noun phrases have nouns. This can occur when it is so obvious what kind of thing the referent of the noun phrase is, that it is unnecessary for the speaker to mention it. Sidaama has two types of noun phrases without nouns. One type is made up only of an adjective or a numeral, where the adjective or the numeral agrees in case, number, and gender with the referent of a noun phrase. This is shown in the examples below:

busul-u

smart-NOM.M

da-ø-ino.

come-3SG.M-PERF.3

busul-u da-ø-ino.

smart-NOM.M come-3SG.M-PERF.3

‘The smart one (masculine) came.’

sas-u

three-NOM.M

da-ø-ino

come-3SG.M-PERF.3

sas-u da-ø-ino

three-NOM.M come-3SG.M-PERF.3

‘The three (masculine) came.’

The other type of noun phrase without a noun is formed with a noun-phrase clitic, or NPC. This NPC starts with t (FEM) or h (MASC). This is thought to originate from the Afro-Asiatic demonstrative containing t (FEM) or k (MASC). The Sidaama NPC appears in various forms. Which form is used then depends on the gender of the referent of the noun phrase, and the syntactic role or case of the noun phrase. When a noun phrase without a noun is formed with an NPC, both the speaker and the listener know its referent. In this case, the NPC attaches to the end of a genitive noun phrase or relative clause to form a noun phrase without a noun. This is shown in the examples below:

isí=ti

3SG.M.GEN=NPC.F.NOM

ba’-’-ino.

disappear-3SG.F-PERF.3

isí=ti ba’-’-ino.

3SG.M.GEN=NPC.F.NOM disappear-3SG.F-PERF.3

‘His (FEM) disappeared.’

ani

1SG.NOM

ku’uí

that.M.GEN

beett-í=ta

child-GEN.M.MOD=NPC.F.ACC

seekk-o-mm-o.

repair-PERF.1-1SG-M

ani ku’uí beett-í=ta seekk-o-mm-o.

1SG.NOM that.M.GEN child-GEN.M.MOD=NPC.F.ACC repair-PERF.1-1SG-M

‘I (MASC) repaired that boy’s (FEM).’[8]


References


  1. Sidama at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
  2. Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  3. Ring, Trudy, Noelle Watson, and Paul Schellinger. "International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, Volume 4." 1994.
  4. Leslau, Wolf. "Sidamo Features in the South Ethiopic Phonology." "Journal of the American Oriental Society," 1959.
  5. Bender, Marvin L. and Robert L. Cooper. "Mutual Intelligibility Within Sidamo." 1979.
  6. Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  7. Kawachi, Kazuhiro (2007). A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo): a Cushitic language of Ethiopia. University of Buffalo.
  8. Kawachi, Kazuhiro. "Noun Phrases Without Nouns in Sidaama (Sidamo)." 2011.

Grammars



Dictionaries



Bible translations



Sociolinguistics and pragmatics





На других языках


[de] Sidama (Sprache)

Die Sprache Sidama (auch Sidamo oder Sidaminya genannt, Eigenbezeichnung Sidámo 'Afó) gehört zu den hochlandostkuschitischen Sprachen. Sie wird von etwa 1,6 Millionen Menschen vom Volk der Sidama in Südäthiopien gesprochen. Das Vokabular ist vom Altäthiopischen, dem Amharischen und dem Oromo beeinflusst.
- [en] Sidama language

[fr] Sidamo (langue)

Le sidamo (ou sidama) est une langue afro-asiatique, de la branche des langues couchitiques, parlée en Éthiopie par 2 900 000 Sidamas.

[ru] Сидамо (язык)

Сидамо — кушитский язык народа сидамо, распространённый на юго-западе Эфиопии, в районе озёр Абая и Ауаса.



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