lingvo.wikisort.org - AlphabetAccording to UNESCO (2013),[1] there are different braille alphabets for Urdu in India and in Pakistan. The Indian alphabet is based on national Bharati Braille, while the Pakistani alphabet is based on Persian Braille.
Braille alphabets of Urdu
Pakistani Urdu Braille
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Script type | Abjad
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Print basis | Urdu alphabet |
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Languages | Urdu (in Pakistan) |
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Parent systems | |
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Indian Urdu Braille
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Script type | Alphabet
(?) |
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Print basis | Devanagari |
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Languages | Urdu (In India) |
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Parent systems | |
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Differences from Persian and Bharati Braille
Besides the addition of Urdu-specific consonants analogous to the additional letters in the print Urdu alphabet compared to the Persian alphabet, Pakistani Urdu Braille differs from Persian Braille in the transcription of the print letter ژ ž, which is written as a digraph in Urdu braille rather than as Persian ⠬, which in Urdu is used for ڈ ḍ.
Indian Urdu Braille differs from other Bharati braille alphabets in having several letters borrowed from Persian, such as ⠟ for ق q (Bharati kṣ), ⠱ for ح ḥ (Bharati jñ), and ⠷ for ع ‘ (Bharati ḻ). Another such letter, ⠭ for خ x, is shared with Gurmukhi Braille ਖ਼ x but with no other Bharati alphabet, where ⠭ is otherwise the vowel o.
Alphabets
- Note: It is not clear if these are written right-to-left or left-to-right. The directionality of some of the digraphs may have gotten confused.
Print | | Pakistan | India |
ا | – | | (?) |
آ | ā | |
ب | b | |
بھ | bh | | |
پ | p | |
پھ | ph | |
ت | t | |
تھ | th | | |
ٹ | ṭ | [2] | |
ٹھ | ṭh | [2] | |
ث | ṯ /s/ | | |
ج | j | |
جھ | jh | |
چ | c | |
چھ | ch | |
ح | ḥ | |
خ | x | |
د | d | |
دھ | dh | [3] | |
ڈ | ḍ | | |
ڈھ | ḍh | [3] | |
ذ | ḏ /z/ | | |
ر | r | |
ڑ | ṛ | |
ڑھ | ṛh | [3] | |
ز | z | |
ژ | ž | [4] | |
س | s | |
ش | š | |
ص | ṡ /s/ | |
ض | ḋ /z/ | | |
ط | ṫ /t/ | | |
ظ | ż /z/ | | |
ع | ‘ | |
غ | ğ | | |
ف | f | |
ق | q | |
ک | k | |
کھ | kh | [3] | |
گ | g | |
گھ | gh | [3] | |
ل | l | |
م | m | |
ن | n | |
ں | (nasal) | |
و | v/w | | v ū ō au |
ه | h | |
ء | ’ | | (?) |
ی | y | | y ī |
ے | ē | | ē ai |
َ◌ | a | | (?) |
ِ◌ | i | | (same?) |
ُ◌ | u | | (same?) |
ّ◌ | (dbl) | | (?) |
It is not clear if vowels in Indian Urdu Braille follow pronunciation and their Devanagari Braille equivalents, or print orthography.
Contractions
Pakistani Urdu Braille has several contractions beyond the aspirated consonants:
- كو ⠻, سا ⠑, نا ⠔,[5] و ن گ ⠶, نا ⠢,[5] نے ⠼, يا ⠽, لا ⠧, بے ⠤, اء ⠈.[6]
Punctuation
Basic punctuation in Pakistan is the same as in India. See Bharati Braille#Punctuation.
See also
References
- World Braille Usage, UNESCO, 2013
- Or perhaps the reverse, ⠕ ṭ and ⠪ ṭh. (Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, p 345ff.)
- Not specifically attested. Assumed from the assignment of ⠦ to the print digraph element ھ.
- Or perhaps a single glyph, ⠽ ž (Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, p 345ff), though according to UNESCO, that is the braille glyph for يا yā.
- A duplication in the UNESCO reference, presumably an error. ⠔ may be ان instead, in which case ⠑ is probably also a mistake for اس. It appears that UNESCO got the letters backwards for several of the contractions.
- Written hamza–alif, but labeled alif–hamza.
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Braille cell |
- 1829 braille
- International uniformity
- ASCII braille
- Unicode braille patterns
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Braille scripts | French-ordered | Nordic family | |
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Russian lineage family i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts | |
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Egyptian lineage family i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts | |
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Indian lineage family i.e. Bharati Braille | |
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Other scripts | |
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Reordered | |
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Frequency-based | |
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Independent | |
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Eight-dot | |
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Symbols in braille |
- Braille music
- Canadian currency marks
- Computer Braille Code
- Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
- International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
- Nemeth braille code
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Braille technology |
- Braille e-book
- Braille embosser
- Braille translator
- Braille watch
- Mountbatten Brailler
- Optical braille recognition
- Perforation
- Perkins Brailler
- Refreshable braille display
- Slate and stylus
- Braigo
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People |
- Louis Braille
- Charles Barbier
- Valentin Haüy
- Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
- Sabriye Tenberken
- William Bell Wait
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Organisations |
- Braille Institute of America
- Braille Without Borders
- Japan Braille Library
- National Braille Association
- Blindness organizations
- Schools for the blind
- American Printing House for the Blind
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Other tactile alphabets | |
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Related topics |
- Accessible publishing
- Braille literacy
- RoboBraille
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Varieties | Dialects | |
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Forms |
- Aurangabad Urdu
- British Urdu
- Roman Urdu
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Politics |
- Urdu movement
- Hindi-Urdu controversy
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Arts |
- Awards
- Literature
- Informatics
- Cinema
- Poetry
- Music
- Writers
- Poets
- Progressive Writers' Movement
- Uddin & Begum Romanisation
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