lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageKabiye ([kàbɪ̀jɛ̀]; also rendered Kabiyé, Kabiyè, Kabye, Kabyé, Kabyè, Cabrais) is an Eastern Gurunsi Gur language spoken primarily in northern Togo. Throughout the 20th century, there was extensive migration to the centre and south of Togo and also to Ghana and Benin. Kabiye speakers made up over 23% of the Togolese population in 1999.[2]
Eastern Gurunsi language primarily of northern Togo
Kabiye |
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Region | Togo, Benin, Ghana |
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Ethnicity | Kabye |
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Native speakers | 1.0 million (2012)[1] |
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Language family | |
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Writing system | Latin (Kabiye alphabet) Kabiye Braille |
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Recognised minority language in | Benin |
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ISO 639-3 | kbp |
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Glottolog | kabi1261 |
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Status
Kabiye is one of two national languages of Togo (along with Ewe). In the Togolese context, national language currently means that the language is promoted in national media and, in the formal education sector, as an optional exam subject in grades 9 and 10.[3]
Linguistic research
The missionary-linguist Jacques Delord published the first descriptive grammar of Kabiye in 1976.[4] This was followed by Kezié Lébikaza's descriptive grammar in 1999,[5] which remains the key reference work in Kabiye linguistics. There is also a Kabiye-French dictionary.[6] Other topics that have been the focus of research include: Comparative linguistics,[7][8][9][10] Discourse analysis,[11][12] Language contact,[13] Lexicology, [28] Morphology,[39] Phonology, [45] Sociolinguistics,[52] Syntax,[53] Tone orthography,[59] Tonology,[67] and the verb system.[75]
Publications
The earliest known publications in Kabiye appeared in the 1930s.[79] Altogether there have been about 200 publications in Kabiye, though not all of these are still in print or easily available for purchase. For an inventory up to the turn of the century see Pouwili, 1999.[80] Publications include two books of proverbs,[83] folktales,[88] poetry,[89] medical booklets,[97] agricultural booklets,[98][99] translations of the Bible,[100][101] political tracts,[102][103][104] religious tracts,[105][106] a short novel,[107] primers,[108][109] and other pedagogical materials.[110][111]
Kabiye Wikipedia
The Kabiye Wikipedia was initiated in June 2014 by Gnasse Atinèdi, the secretary of the Académie Kabiye. It currently (July 2017) has 1185 articles on a wide range of international subjects.[112][circular reference]
Phonology
Consonants
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Retroflex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Labial-velar |
Glottal |
Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless |
p |
t |
ʈ |
tʃ |
k |
k͡p |
|
voiced |
b |
d |
(ɖ) |
dʒ |
ɡ |
ɡ͡b |
|
Fricative |
voiceless |
f |
s |
|
|
|
|
h |
voiced |
v |
z |
|
|
|
|
|
Approximant |
|
l |
|
j |
|
w |
|
Nasal |
m |
n |
|
ɲ |
ŋ |
|
|
The five voiced consonant sounds /b v dʒ ɡ ɡ͡b/ only occur either word-medially or as allophones.[113]
The retroflex sound /ʈ/ can occur as voiced allophones of [ɖ], [ɽ], or [r] in medial position.[114]
Vowels
Short vowels
|
Front |
Back |
Unrounded |
Rounded |
−ATR |
+ATR |
−ATR |
+ATR |
Close |
ɪ |
i |
ʊ |
u |
Mid |
ɛ |
e |
ɔ |
o |
Open |
a |
|
|
|
Long vowels
|
Front |
Back |
Unrounded |
Rounded |
Unrounded |
−ATR |
+ATR |
−ATR |
+ATR |
−ATR |
+ATR |
Close |
ɪː |
iː |
ʊː |
uː |
ɯ̙ː |
ɯ̘ː |
Mid |
ɛː |
eː |
ɔː |
oː |
ʌː |
ɤː |
Open |
aː |
|
|
|
ɑː |
|
The long back unrounded vowels only occur at morpheme boundaries.
Tones
Kabiye is a tonal language, meaning that pitch differences are used to distinguish one word from another. These contrasts may be lexical (e.g. ɖálʋ́ "elder brother" ~ ɖálʋ̀ "intestinal worm") or grammatical (e.g. ɛɛkɔŋ́ "he isn't coming" ~ ɛɛ́kɔŋ "(when) he comes" ~ ɛ́ɛkɔ́ŋ "if he doesn't come).
There are two tones, high (H) and low (L). Six tone contours are possible on mono- and disyllabic nouns (H, L, HL, LH, HLH, LHL) and three on the imperative form of the verb (H, L, HL).
Kabiye also has automatic downstep, where a H following a L is always pronounced on a lower pitch than the preceding H within the same phonological phrase. Numerous tonal processes occur once words are placed in context.
The contour HLH always surfaces as HꜜHH ~ HHꜜH (depending on the consonant–vowel structure that it associates to). This is a postlexical process that occurs wherever the context permits, within words and across word boundaries.
There is lexical L tone spreading in the verb phrase and the associative noun phrase.
Vowel harmony
Kabiye has vowel harmony, meaning that the quality of the vowel in an affix is determined by that of the root vowel. There are two kinds:
- ATR vowel harmony, in which words contain either the −ATR vowels /ɪ ɛ ʊ ɔ/ (e.g. ɛ-ñɩmɩ́-yɛ "his key") or the +ATR vowels /i e u o/ (e-kalími-yé "his chicken"). The vowel /a/ is unspecified for ATR and can occur in either set.
- Lip rounding vowel harmony, in which some affixes contains either unrounded vowels /i ɪ e ɛ/ or rounded vowels /u ʊ o ɔ/. This process is much more limited, occurring in some TAM suffixes (e.g. è-kpéz-íɣ́ "he coughs" / è-ɖóz-ùù "he dreams") and some adjectival prefixes (e.g. kɩ́-kpɛ̀d-ʋ̀ʋ́ "black", kʋ́-hʋ̀lʋ̀m-ʋ́ʋ̀ "white"). Again, the vowel /a/ is unspecified for ATR and can occur in either set.
A limited number of prefixes undergo both vowel harmony processes, e.g. the first person plural subject pronoun: pà-kpàzá-à "they coughed", pɛ̀-wɛ̀ɛ́tà-à "they whispered", pè-wèlìsàá "they listened", pɔ̀-cɔ́nà-à "they looked", pò-ɖòzà-á "they dreamt".
Orthography
Kabiye was first written in the 1930s,[76][77][78] but it was in the early 1980s that the Comité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè (now the Académie Kabiyè), an organ of the Togolese Ministry of Education, standardized the orthography. Kabiye is written in modified Roman script based on the character inventory of the African reference alphabet. An alternative orthography, devised and promoted by R.P. Adjola Raphaël, is widely used among Catholics; it uses the same letters but with different spelling rules.[113] The following tables show the grapheme-phoneme correspondences in the Standard orthography.
Consonants
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Retroflex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Labial-velar |
Glottal |
Stop |
voiceless |
P p |
T t |
|
|
K k |
KP kp |
|
voiced |
B b |
D d |
Ɖ ɖ |
|
G g |
GB gb |
|
Fricative |
voiceless |
F f |
S s |
|
|
|
|
H h |
voiced |
V v |
Z z |
|
|
|
|
|
Affricate |
voiceless |
|
|
|
C c |
|
|
|
voiced |
|
|
|
J j |
|
|
|
Approximant |
|
L l |
|
Y y |
|
W w |
|
Flap |
|
R r |
|
|
|
|
|
Nasal |
M m |
N n |
|
Ñ ñ |
Ŋ ŋ |
|
|
The orthography contains a significant amount of overspecification, since the 5 voiced obstruent graphemes b, g, gb, v, j are superfluous from a strictly phonemic point of view.
The grapheme ⟨r⟩ is reserved for loanwords.
Vowels
Short vowels
|
Front |
Back |
|
Unrounded |
Rounded |
|
−ATR |
+ATR |
−ATR |
+ATR |
Close |
Ɩ ɩ |
I i |
Ʋ ʋ |
U u |
Mid |
Ɛ ɛ |
E e |
Ɔ ɔ |
O o |
Open |
A a |
|
|
|
Long vowels
|
Front |
Back |
|
Unrounded |
Rounded |
Unrounded |
|
-ATR |
+ATR |
-ATR |
+ATR |
-ATR |
+ATR |
Close |
ƖƖ ɩɩ |
II ii |
ƲƲ ʋʋ |
UU uu |
ƖƔ ɩɣ |
IƔ iɣ |
Mid |
ƐƐ ɛɛ |
EE ee |
ƆƆ ɔɔ |
OO oo |
ƐƔ ɛɣ |
EƔ eɣ |
Open |
AA aa |
|
|
|
AƔ aɣ |
|
Tones
The standard orthography of Kabiye does not generally mark tone. The single exception is the spelling of two subject pronouns that are tonal minimal pairs:
|
Speech |
Writing |
Meaning |
3rd person singular |
[ɛ̀ ~ è] |
ɛ ~ e |
"he" |
2nd person plural |
[ɛ́ ~ é] |
ɩ ~ i |
"you (pl.)" |
Punctuation
The hyphen is used in the standard orthography in order to distinguish homophones. It appear between the possessive pronoun and the noun in the associative noun phrase, and between the verb root and the object pronoun in the verb phrase, e.g.:[115]
ɛsaŋ | [ɛzáŋ] | he praises |
ɛ-saŋ | [ɛzáŋ] | his showers |
ɛsa-ŋ | [ɛzáŋ] | he scratched you |
Grammar
Kabiye is an SVO language. The possessive precedes the head noun. Adjectives, numerals, demonstratives, locatives and relative clauses follow the head noun.
Noun classes
Kabiye has ten noun classes. The first eight are grouped in pairs of singulars and plurals that are sometimes referred to as genders. Some limited cross-pairing occurs. Class 9 contains uncountables (leaves, dust, mosquitos...), while class 10 contains liquids (milk, blood, oil...). There are certain other semantic tendencies (e.g., humans in classes 1 and 2, tools in classes 3 and 4), but these are by no means systematic. The class of any noun is identifiable by its class suffix and by the agreement of other potential elements in the sentence with it, such as pronouns, demonstratives, interrogatives, adjectives, determiners and the numerals one to five. The following table gives an example of a noun–determiner construction from each class. In each case, the class suffix is separated from the root with a hyphen:
class | example | translation |
1 | hàl-ʋ́ nɔ̀ɔ́yʋ̀ | "a certain woman" |
2 | hàl-áà nàbɛ̀yɛ̀ | "certain women" |
3 | hàk-ʋ́ nàkʋ́yʋ̀ | "a certain hoe" |
4 | hàk-ɩ́ŋ̀ nɩ̀ɩ́yɛ̀ | "certain hoes" |
5 | sùmɑ̀-ɑ́ nàkɛ́yɛ̀ | "a certain bird" |
6 | sùmá-sɩ̀ nàsɩ́yɛ̀ | "certain birds" |
7 | hɩ́-ɖɛ̀ nàɖɩ́yɛ̀ | "a certain name" |
8 | hɩ̀-lá nàáyɛ̀ | "certain names" |
9 | há-tʋ̀ nàtʋ́yʋ̀ | "certain leaves" |
10 | càlɩ́-m̀ nàbʋ́yʋ̀ | "certain blood" |
Verb conjugations
The verb phrase is composed of an obligatory root and TAM (tense–aspect–mood) suffix. The TAM suffix may indicate imperative (hàzɩ̀ "sweep!"), aorist (ɛ́házɩ̀ "and he swept"), perfective (ɛ̀hàzàá "he swept"), imperfective present (ɛ̀házɩ̀ɣ̀ "he is sweeping"), imperfective past (ɛ̀hàzàɣ́ "he was sweeping") or infinitive (hàzʋ́ʋ̀ "to sweep").
Kabiye is unusual in also having two designated paradigms for expressing comparatives in a subordinate clause: an imperfective form (ɛ̀zɩ́ ɛ̀hàzʋ̀ʋ̀ʋ́ yɔ́ "as he sweeps") and a perfective form (ɛ̀zɩ́ ɛ̀hàzʋ́ʋ̀ yɔ́ "as he swept").
The perfective has two forms: unbound (not followed by a complement: ɛ̀hàzàá "he swept") and bound (followed by a complement: ɛ̀hàzá ɖèdè "he swept yesterday").
The verb phrase may also optionally include modal prefixes that add nuances of meaning: adversative (ɛ̀tɩ́ɩ̀hàzɩ̀ɣ́ "he swept in spite of it"), habitual (ɛ̀tɩ́ɩ́házɩ̀ɣ̀ "he usually sweeps"), expectative (ɛ̀tɩ́ɩ́házɩ́ɣ́ "he sweeps in the meantime"), immediative (ɛ̀tɩ̀hàzàá "he swept straightaway"), pluperfect (ɛ̀ɛ̀hàzàá "he had swept"), future (ɛ̀ɛ́hàzɩ̀ɣ̀ lɛ́ "when he will sweep") and negative (ɛ̀tàhàzɩ́ "he didn't sweep"). Some of these modal prefixes may also appear in combination with each other so that, for example, negative + adversative indicates a negative categorical meaning (ɛ̀tàtɩ́ɩ̀hàzɩ́ "he didn't sweep at all").
The verb phrase may optionally add a subject pronoun prefix (written joined to the root or the modal prefix as in the examples above) and/or an object pronoun suffix (written joined to the root with a hyphen: ɛ̀hàzá-kɛ́ "he swept it").
There is one modal suffix. It is used in conjunction with a negative modal prefix to indicate a Provisional meaning. It is written joined to the verb root (ɛ̀tàhàzɩ̀tá "he has not swept yet").
The verb phrase can also be extended by means of the suffix -náʋ̀ to indicate instrumentality, accompaniment, manner, simultaneity or conformity (ɛ̀hàzɩ́nàà "he swept with").
All verb roots can be nominalised as agentives (házɩ́yʊ́ "sweeper"), adjectives ("kɪ̀hàzʊ̀ʊ́" "swept") or locatives (ɖɩ̀hàzɩ̀yɛ́ "sweeping place").
Sample text
Man-kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ, ŋɖewa pɩfɛyɩ naʋ. Yee pɔyɔɔdʋʋ-ŋ nɛ ɛyʋ welesi yɔ, pɩwɛ-ɩ ɛzɩ wondu peteɣ. Ɛlɛ, yee ɛyʋ ɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛɛmaɣzɩɣ ñɔ-yɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛɛnaɣ ñe-ɖeu. Nɔɔyʋ ewelesiɣ pɩŋŋ nɛ ɛnɩɩ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ-ŋ yɔ, pɩlakɩ-ɩ ɛzɩ ɛtazɩ nɛ ɛna ñɛ-wɛtʋ yɔ, pɩɩsaŋɩ-ɩ se eyele. Ŋwɛ yuŋ weyi nɛ ɛyʋ ɛɛtɛŋ ñɔ-tɔm yɔ, pɩtɩna nɛ ɛyʋ ɛɖɔkɩ-ŋ pɩfɛyɩ yebu; Ñɛ-wɛtʋ lɩnɩ le nɛ paasɩŋ ñɔ-tɔm ? Tɔm kɔpɔzaɣ ŋga ɖicosuu-kɛ tobi. Ñɛ-wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-tɩ solo, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɖooo ŋŋwɛɛ, natʋyʋ taasoki ña-taa se tɩpɩsɩ-ŋ nɔɔyʋjaʋ. Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ, ña-pɩɣa canɩɣna-ŋ nɛ kewiliɣ-ŋ, nɛ kasaŋ-ŋ ño-yuŋ, ñe-ɖeu nɛ ñe-leleŋ yɔɔ.[116]
"My Kabiye language, you are so beautiful! When anyone pronounces you and another listens, you are like a song. But anyone who does not ponder you deeply will not perceive your beauty. Anyone who listens attentively when you are being spoken must, as it were, dig deeply to discover your character. It is because of this inexhaustible weightiness that we cannot let go of you. From where does this impenetrable character come? We can reply straight away to this question. Your character is unique, because ever since you came into being, you have never suffered any outside influences which could turn you into something else. Kabiye language, your child is glad for you, cherishes and praises you, because of your strength, your beauty and your sweetness."
References
- Kabiye at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1999). Grammaire kabiyè: une analyse systématique - phonologie, tonologie et morphosyntaxe. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. p. 33.
- Roberts, David (2011). "The development of written Kabiye and its status as one of the "national" languages of Togo". In Orwenjo, Ochieng; Ogone, Obiero (eds.). Language and Politics In Africa: Contemporary Issues and critical perspectives. Newcastle-on-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 468–494. Archived from the original on 2021-05-05.
- Delord, Jacques (1976). Le kabiyè. Lomé: lnstitut national de la recherche scientifique.
- Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1999). Grammaire kabiyè: une analyse systématique - phonologie, tonologie et morphosyntaxe. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
- Marmor, Thomas, ed. (1999). Tɔm kpou kabɩyɛ-fransɩɩ (Dictionnaire kabiyè-français). Lomé: Comité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè and SIL Togo.
- Delord, Jacques (1988). Les dialectes kabiyè: étude synoptique et comparative. Lomé: Université du Bénin.
- Delord, Jacques (1968). "Le Kauré de la Polyglotta Africana et le Kabrè d'aujourd'hui". African Language Review. 7: 114–139.
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- Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1998). "The item NA, a multifunctional syntactic relator". Annales de l'Université du Bénin, Séries Lettres. 18: 51–71.
- Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (2003). "Réanalyse : le trait locatif latent dans les substantifs et ses implications sématico-syntaxiques". In Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (ed.). Actes du 3e Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Africaine (Lomé 2000). Cologne: Rüdige Köppe. pp. 177–188.
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- Roberts, David; Walter, Stephen L. (1 January 2012). "Writing grammar rather than tone: An orthography experiment in Togo". Written Language & Literacy. 15 (2): 226–253. doi:10.1075/wll.15.2.06rob. ISSN 1387-6732. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
- Roberts, David (1 January 2010). "Exploring written ambiguities can help assess where to mark tone" (PDF). Writing Systems Research. 2 (1): 25–40. doi:10.1093/wsr/wsq003. ISSN 1758-6801. S2CID 144825339. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
- Roberts, David (2013). "A tone orthography typology". In Borgwaldt, Susanne R.; Joyce, Terry (eds.). Typology of Writing Systems. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 85–111. ISBN 978-90-272-7185-3. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
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- Delord, Jacques (1968). "Sur le kabrè du Togo - jeux de tons". Bulletin de l'IFAN. 30b (7): 256–269.
- Essizewa, Komlan E. (2003). "Aspects of Kabiye tonal phonology and implications for the correspondence theory of faithfulness". MIT Working Papers in Linguistics. Cambridge MA. 45: 35–47.
- Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (2000). "De l'influence du ton consécutif dans les formes de l'aoriste en kabiyè". Cahiers voltaïques / Gur Papers. 5: 13–22.
- Roberts, David (2002). Les classes tonales du verbe en kabiyè (Mémoire de maîtrise). Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle, Paris III.
- Roberts, David (2003). La tonologie des préfixes de modalité en kabiyè (Mémoire de DEA). Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle, Paris III.
- Roberts, David (2003). "Tone spreading in the Kabiye associative noun phrase" (PDF). Cahiers voltaïques / Gur Papers. 6: 95–100. Retrieved 6 June 2020.[dead link]
- Roberts, David (2004). "Tonal processes in the Kabiye verb phrase". 24th West African Linguistics Congress, 1–6 August 2004. University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
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- Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (1989). Aperçu sur le système verbal du kabiyè (Togo) (Mémoire de DEA). Paris: Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle Paris III.
- Lébikaza, Kézié K. (1998). "Les verbes à arguments prééminents et arguments symétriques, et la forme stimuli-passive en kabiyè". Gur papers / Cahiers voltaïques. 3: 63–76.
- Lébikaza, Kézié K. (2000). "Les contraintes exercées par les propriétés sémantiques des verbes dans la dérivation et au niveau des catégories TAM". Cahiers voltaïques / Gur Papers. 5: 103–114.
- Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1996). "L'aspect, la référence temporelle et le processus de grammaticalisation dans les langues du gurunsi oriental (kabiyè, tem, lamba, dilo)". Afrika und Ubersee. 79 (1): 37–56. ISSN 0002-0427. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- Roberts, David (2013). La conjugaison des verbes en kabiyè, une langue du Togo : tableaux-types, règles d'emploi et index kabiye-̀ français français-kabiyè des verbes. Paris: Harmattan.
- Rongier, Jacques (1987). Quelques aspects du système verbal en kabiyè. Lomé: Ministère de l'éducation nationale et de la recherche scientifique, Université du Bénin.
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- Brungard, Antoine (1932). Taakayã kɔɔnɔŋga. Lomé: Mission Catholique, vicariat apostolique du Togo.
- Brungard, Antoine (1937). Dictionnaire kabiyè-français. Lomé: Imprimerie ND de la providence.
- Brungard, Antoine (1937). "Takayo Kiɖeɖea ta tom". Histoire Sainte. The holy book. Rome: La solidarité de St Pierre Claver..
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- Pouwili, Abalossosso (1999). Entre l'oral et l'écrit : naissance de la littérature kabiyè (Mémoire de maîtrise). Lomé: Université du Bénin.
- Batchati, Bawubadi (1997). Culture kabiyè à travers ses proverbes. Vol. 1. Kara: SIL-Togo.
- Batchati, Bawubadi (2003). du temps où les animaux parlaient. Culture kabiyè à travers ses proverbes. Vol. 2. Kara: SIL-Togo.
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- AFASA (1998). "Mʋya takayaɣ". Livre de contes. Folktales. Kara: Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
- Kamuki, S. Abalo (1982). Kabɩyɛ mʋya. (Contes kabiyè, Kabiyè folktales). Kara: Ministère des affaires sociales et la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
- Kijeu, Tomasi; Borone, Kémarè (1983). Yaɣdɛ sɔsaa tɔm (L'histoire des aïeux de Yadè. Stories of the old men of Yadè). Kara, Togo: Comité régional de langue kabiyè, SIL-Togo.
- MAS (1983). "Kabɩyɛ mʋya". (Contes kabiyè. Kabiyè folk-tales). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère de la santé publique et des affaires sociales avec le concours de la SIL.
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- Baza, Mao (1989). "Kabɩyɛ koosi". Poèmes kabiyè. Kabiye poems. Kara: Commission régionale de langue nationale.
- AFASA (1996). Aseɣɖe takayaɣ : halaa kʋdʋmɩŋ tɔm (ed.) Témoignages sur les santé des femmes. Testimonies about women's health issues. Kara, Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
- MAS (1987). Ɛzɩma pɛfɛkɩ kɩcɩkpʋʋ (Comment soigner une plaie. How to treat a wound). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
- MAS (1989). Pɔtʋ kʋdɔŋ. (Le paludisme. Malaria). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
- Tchala, Biyadema (1984). Mbʋ ɖɩla nɛ ɖalaa ɛtaakpa-ɖʋ yɔ. (Traduction et adaptation en kabiyè de la brochure "Comment éciter les ascaris" avec la permission de l'atelier de matériel pour l'animation, Yaoundé, Cameroun (ed.) Piyaɣtɛma Calaa. How to avoid getting worms. Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère de la santé publique des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de l'agence canadienne de développement international et le ministère canadien des affaires internationales intergouvernementales.
- Walla, Agba (1984). Ɖɩla we nɛ wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ ɛtaakpa-ɖʋ. (Comment éviter le paludisme. How to avoid malaria). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè.
- Walla, Agba (1987). Ɛzɩma pɛfɛkɩ kicikpuu yɔ. (Comment soigner une plaie. How to dress a wound). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè.
- AFASA (1996). "Dɩla ɛzɩma nɛ kahʋyaɣ ɖɩɣ". Comment faire pour arrêter la diarrhée. Kara: Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
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- MAS (1974). Pɩsatʋ haɖaʋ Togo taa. (La culture cotonnière au Togo. Cotton farming in Togo). Lomé: Ministère de la santé publique et des affaires sociales.
- Atamon, Essi (2001). kpaŋgbandɩɖɛ. (L'arbre "Moringa". The Moringa tree). Kara: AFASA.
- Adjola, R.N. (1997). Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖea (Bible en kabiyè). Kinshasa: Verbum Bible.
- ABT (1997). Nɔɔ haʋ kɩfam takayaɣ (Nouveau testament en kabiyè. Kabiye New Testament). Lomé: Alliance Biblique du Togo.
- PNUD (2003). Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Sjɛya Kigbɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU) ɖʋwa se ɖɩlakɩ tʋma naayɛ pɩŋzɩ kuoku taa se pɩsɩna kedeŋga kpeekpe huu nʋmaʋ taa ? (Pourquoi l'ONU entreprend certain travaux pour la promotion de l'humanité entière dans une période de mille ans ?). Programme des nations unies pour le développement.
- RPT. Ŋkpɛyɛ RPT taa-tʋ Takayaɣ kȋsȋnɣ. (Le livre du partisan du RPT. The RPT supporter's booklet).
- UNICEF. Tɔm siŋŋ susuu : mbʋ pʋmʋnaa se ɛyʋ ɛtɩlɩ nɛ ɛcaɣnɩ fezuu camɩyɛ yɔ (La proclamation d'une vraie parole : ce que l'homme doit savoir pour vivre bien. The proclamation of the truth : what people need to know to live well). Lomé: Imprimérie de l'alphabétisation.
- ABT (1988). Anɩ lɛ Yeesu ? (Qui est Jésus ? Who is Jesus?) Lomé: Alliance Biblique du Togo.
- ABT (2005). Ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ taa (Apprenons dans la Bible. Let's learn about the Bible) Lomé: Editions cité, Alliance biblique du Togo.
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- MAS (1984). Nakaa nɛ Kpacaa : takayaɣ kɩkɛlaɣ (Naka et Kpatcha : syllabaire kabiyè, 2e livre. Naka and Kpacha : kabiye primer, book 2). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère de la santé publique, des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
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- AFASA (1999). Kabɩyɛ
- kbp:Talɩ ɖeu
- Roberts, David (2008). "The Two Kabiye Orthographies: A Sociolinguistic and Linguistic Comparison" (PDF). Written Language & Literacy. 11: 49–72. doi:10.1075/wll.11.1.05rob. ISSN 1387-6732. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
- Padayodi, Cecile M. (2008). Kabiye. Illustrations of the IPA, Volume 38, Issue 2: Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - Roberts, David (2013). Parlons kabiyè (PDF). Paris: Harmattan. pp. 47–48. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- Alou, Kpatcha (1990). "Man-Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ (Kabiye, my language)". Ɛbɛ Laba? The tri-annual journal of the CLNK (8): 2–3. and reprinted in (1997) no. 22, p.33.
External links
Kabiye edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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На других языках
[de] Kabiyé
Kabiyé (auch Kabire, Cabrai, Kabure, Kabye oder Cabrais) ist die Sprache der westafrikanischen Kabiyé (Volk), welche in Togo in der Region Kara, vorrangig in Kozah und Binah, von ca. 700.000 (1998) Sprechern gebraucht wird.
- [en] Kabiye language
[es] Idioma kabiyé
El idioma kabiyé (autoglotónimo: kabɩyɛ) es una lengua nigerocongolesa perteneciente al subgrupo gur de las lenguas atlántico-congolesas. Dentro de las lenguas gur, es la más hablada de las lenguas gurunsi. Se habla tradicionalmente en la mitad septentrional de Togo, aunque existen importantes grupos de emigrantes que desde el siglo XX han llevado la lengua al sur del país y a los vecinos Ghana y Benín.[1]
[fr] Kabiyè (langue)
Le kabiyè[2] (kabɩyɛ [kàbijɛ̀] en kabiyè) est une langue gur parlée principalement dans le Nord du Togo. C'est la langue des populations Kabiyè. Le XXe siècle a vu une émigration considérable vers le centre et le Sud du Togo ainsi qu'au Ghana et au Bénin. Selon le bureau des statistiques de Lomé, les locuteurs kabiyè comprennent plus que 23 % de la population togolaise[3]. Ethnologue, se basant sur un rapport de SIL en 1998, estime que la population kabiyè s'élève à 700 000 résidents au Togo et 30 000 à l'étranger[4]. Si l'on ajoute le taux de croissance annuelle estimative pour le Togo, à savoir 3,2 % par an[5], la population kabiyè atteindra 1,2 million dans le courant de l'an 2014[6].
[ru] Кабийе
Кабийе (Kabɩyɛ) — язык гур, на котором говорит народ кабийе, проживающий в Того. Язык распространён на большей части территории этой страны, а также в пограничных с Того районах Бенина (департамент Донга) и Ганы (Северная область). На кабийе разговаривает более 1 млн человек, из них 975 тыс. живёт в Того и 30 тыс. — в Бенине[1]. Наряду с эве является одним из двух «национальных языков» Того. Используется в сфере образования, книгоиздания и СМИ.
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