lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Akan (/əˈkæn/[5]) is a Central Tano language and the principal native language of the Akan people of Ghana, spoken over much of the southern half of Ghana.[6] About 80% of Ghana's population can speak Akan,[6] and about 44% of Ghanaians are native speakers.[6] It is also spoken in parts of Côte d'Ivoire.[6]

Akan
Ákán
Native to	Ghana
Ethnicity	Akan
Native speakers	Ghana: 10.5 million, 9.0 million (2010)[1] Côte d'Ivoire: 569 thousand, 346 thousand (2017)[2] Togo: 70 thousand (2014)[3]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Kwa Potou–Tano Tano Central Tano Akan
Dialects	Agona Ahafo Akyem Bosome Asen Dankyira Fante Kwawu Twi
Writing system	Adinkra Nkyea [4] Latin Script
Official status
Official language in	None. — Government-sponsored language of Ghana
Regulated by	Akan Orthography Committee
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ak
ISO 639-2	aka
ISO 639-3	aka – inclusive code Individual codes: fat – Fante twi – Twi wss – Wasa
Glottolog	akan1250
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Four dialects have been developed as literary standards with distinct orthographies: Asante, Akuapem, Bono (collectively known as Twi), and Fante;[7][8] which, despite being mutually intelligible,[9][10] were inaccessible in written form to speakers of the other standards until the Akan Orthography Committee (AOC)'s development of a common Akan orthography in 1978, based mainly on Akuapem Twi.[11] This unified orthography is used as the medium of instruction in primary school by speakers of several other Central Tano languages, such as Akyem, Anyi, Sehwi, Fante, Ahanta, and the Guan languages.[12] The Akan Orthography Committee has worked on the creation of a standard orthography.

With the Atlantic slave trade, the language was introduced to the Caribbean and South America, notably in Suriname, spoken by the Ndyuka, and in Jamaica, spoken by the Jamaican Maroons, also known as the Coromantee.[9] The cultures of the descendants of escaped slaves in the interior of Suriname and the Maroons in Jamaica still retain influences from this language, including the Akan naming practice of naming children after the day of the week on which they are born, e.g. Akwasi/Kwasi for a boy or Akosua for a girl born on a Sunday. In Jamaica and Suriname, the Anansi spider stories are still well-known.[9][10]

History

In history, the Akans who live in Ghana migrated in successive waves between the 11th and 18th centuries. Others inhabit the eastern part of Ivory Coast and parts of Togo.[12] They migrated from the north to occupy the forest and coastal areas in the south in the 13th century. The Akans have a strong oral history tradition of their past and they're also known in the art history world for symbolic artifacts of wood, metal and terracotta.[9] Their cultural ideas are expressed in stories and proverbs and also in designs such as symbols used in carvings and on clothes.[9] The cultural and historic nature of the Akans in Ghana makes it an area of research for various disciplines such as folklore, literary studies, linguistics, anthropology and history.[9]

Relationship to other Central Tano languages

Akan is a dialect continuum that includes Twi, Fante, and Wasa.[13] Ethnologue, whose classification is based on studies of mutual intelligibility and lexical similarity from a multitude of sources,[14] classifies the varieties of Akan as dialects of the overarching Akan language, which belongs to the Central Tano language family. Glottolog makes basically the same analysis, with the exception that the Akan dialect continuum is labeled "Akanic".[15]

According to work done by P. K. Agbedor, Fante, Twi (Bono, Asante and Akuapem), Sefwi, Wassa, Asen, Akwamu, and Kwahu belong to Cluster 1 of the speech forms of Ghana, defined as in Ethnologue by the level of mutual intelligibility.[16][10] Cluster 1 may better be termed r-Akan, which do not have /l/ as a phoneme, while l-Akan refers to the Akan cluster comprising Nzema, Baoulé, Anyin and other dialects spoken mainly in the Ivory Coast, which have /l/ in place of /r/.^{[citation needed]}

Phonology

The Akan dialects contain extensive palatalization, vowel harmony, and tone terracing.

Consonants

Before front vowels, all Asante consonants are palatalized (or labio-palatalized), and the stops are to some extent affricated. The allophones of /n/ are quite complex. In the table below, palatalized allophones which involve more than minor phonetic palatalization are specified, in the context of the vowel /i/. These sounds do occur before other vowels, such as /a/, though in most cases not commonly.

In Asante, /ɡu/ followed by a vowel is pronounced /ɡʷ/, but in Akuapem it remains /ɡu/. The sequence /nh/ is pronounced [ŋŋ̊].

A word final /k/ can be heard as a glottal stop [ʔ]. There is also a nasalization of /h/ and of /j w/ as [h̃] and [j̃ w̃], when occurring before nasal vowels.

The transcriptions in the tables below are in the order /phonemic/, [phonetic]. Note that orthographic ⟨dw⟩ is ambiguous; in textbooks, ⟨dw⟩ = /ɡ/ may be distinguished from /dw/ with a diacritic: d̩w. Likewise, velar ⟨nw⟩ (ŋw) may be transcribed n̩w. Orthographic ⟨nu⟩ is palatalized [ɲᶣ].

Akan Consonant Phonemes

		Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal	Labialized
Nasal	plain	/m/	/n/		/nʷ/
	geminated		/nː/		/nːʷ/
Stop	voiceless	/p/	/t/	/k/	/kʷ/
	voiced	/b/	/d/	/g/	/ɡʷ/
Fricative		/f/	/s/	/h/	/hʷ/
Other			/r/, /l/	/j/	/w/

Allophones of Akan Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Dorsal		Labialized
Nasal	plain	m	/n/	[n~ŋ, ɲ, ɲĩ]			/nʷ/	[ŋʷ, ɲᶣ]
	geminated		/nː/	[ŋː, ɲːĩ]			/nːʷ/	[ɲːᶣ]
Stop	voiceless	p	/t/	[t, tçi]	/k/	[k, tɕ~cç]	/kʷ/	[kʷ, tɕᶣi]
	voiced	b	d		/g/	[g, dʒ, dʑ~ɟʝ]	/ɡʷ/	[ɡʷ, dʑᶣi]
Fricative		f	s		/h/	[h, ç]	/hʷ/	[hʷ, çᶣi]
Other			/r/, /l/	[ɾ, r, ɽ], [l]	j		/w/	[w, ɥ]

Vowels

The Akan dialects have fourteen to fifteen vowels: four to five "tense" vowels (advanced tongue root, or +ATR), five "lax" vowels (retracted tongue root, or -ATR), which are adequately but not completely represented by the seven-vowel orthography, and five nasal vowels, which are not represented at all. All fourteen were distinguished in the Gold Coast alphabet of the colonial era. An ATR distinction in orthographic a is only found in some subdialects of Fante, but not in the literary form; in Asante and Akuapem there are harmonic allophones of /a/, but neither is ATR. The two vowels written e (/e̘/ and /i/) and o (/o̘/ and /u/) are often not distinguished in pronunciation.

Orthog.	+ATR	-ATR
i	/i̘/ [i̘]
e	/e̘/ [e̘]	/i/ [ɪ~e]
ɛ		/e/ [ɛ]
a	/a̘/ [æ~ɐ~ə]	/a/ [a]
ɔ		/o/ [ɔ]
o	/o̘/ [o̘]	/u/ [ʊ~o]
u	/u̘/ [u̘]

ATR harmony

Akan vowels engage in a form of vowel harmony with the root of the tongue.

1. -ATR vowels followed by the +ATR non-mid vowels /i̘ a̘ u̘/ become +ATR. This is generally reflected in the orthography: That is, orthographic e ɛ a ɔ o become i e a o u. However, it is no longer reflected in the case of subject and possessive pronouns, giving them a consistent spelling. This rule takes precedence over the next one.
2. After the -ATR non-high vowels /e a o/, +ATR mid vowels /e̘ o̘/ become -ATR high vowels /i u/. This is not reflected in the orthography, for both sets of vowels are spelled ⟨e o⟩, and in many dialects this rule does not apply, for these vowels have merged.

Tones

Akan has three phonemic tones, high (/H/), mid (/M/), and low (/L/). Initial syllable may only be high or low.

Tone terracing

The phonetic pitch of the three tones depends on their environment, often being lowered after other tones, producing a steady decline known as tone terracing.

/H/ tones have the same pitch as a preceding /H/ or /M/ tone within the same tonic phrase, whereas /M/ tones have a lower pitch. That is, the sequences /HH/ and /MH/ have a level pitch, whereas the sequences /HM/ and /MM/ have a falling pitch. /H/ is lowered (downstepped) after a /L/.

/L/ is the default tone, which emerges in situations such as reduplicated prefixes. It is always at bottom of the speaker's pitch range, except in the sequence /HLH/, in which case it is raised in pitch but the final /H/ is still lowered. Thus /HMH/ and /HLH/ are pronounced with distinct but very similar pitches.

After the first "prominent" syllable of a clause, usually the first high tone, there is a downstep. This syllable is usually stressed.[7]

Orthography

Akan Consonants - Orthography

		Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal	Labialized
Nasal	plain	⟨m⟩	⟨n, ny, ngi⟩		⟨nw, nu⟩
	geminated		⟨ng, nyi, nnyi⟩		⟨nw⟩
Stop	voiceless	⟨p⟩	⟨t, ti⟩	⟨k, ky⟩	⟨kw, twi⟩
	voiced	⟨b⟩	⟨d⟩	⟨g, dw, gy⟩	⟨gu, dwi⟩
Fricative		⟨f⟩	⟨s⟩	⟨h, hy⟩	⟨hu, hwi⟩
Other			⟨r⟩, ⟨l⟩	⟨y⟩	⟨w, wi⟩

Morphology

Formation of plural nouns in Akan

Akan forms some plural nouns by adding the prefixes 'm' or 'n' to the original word and removing the first sound of the noun. Example include nouns like abofra (child), which forms its plural by removing the 'ab' from the word and adding 'mm' to form its plural: mmofra (children). Same goes for aboa (animal) to mmoa (animals), abusua (family) to mmusua (families), abirekyie (goat) to mmirekyie (goats) etc. in the Twi dialect.

The nouns which use the 'n' prefix include; adaka (box) to nnaka (boxes), adanko (rabbit) to nnanko (rabbits), aduro (medicine) to nnuro (medicines), atare (dress) to ntare (dresses), odwan (sheep) to nnwan (sheep plural), aduane (food) to nnuane (food plural), kraman (dog) to nkraman (dogs), kanea (light) to nkanea (lights), safoa (key) to nsafoa (keys).

Akan can create plural nouns by adding the suffix nom to the original word. Examples include; agya (father) to agyanom (fathers), nana (grandparent/grandchild) to nananom (grandparents/grandchildren), nua (sibling) to nuanom (siblings), yere (wife) to yerenom (wives).

Some Akan nouns are the same in both singular and plural. Nouns such as nkyene (salt), ani (eye), sika (money) e.t.c are written the same in both singular and plural.[17]

Literature

The Akan language has a rich literature in proverbs, folktales, and traditional drama, as well as a new literature in dramas, short stories, and novels.[18] This literature began to be documented in written form in the late 1800s.[19] Later, Joseph Hanson Kwabena Nketia collected a number of proverbs and folktales, including Funeral Dirges of the Akan People (1969), Folk Songs of Ghana (1963), and Akan Poetry (1958). Some of the important authors in the language are A. A. Opoku (dramatist), E. J. Osew (dramatist), K. E. Owusu (novelist), and R. A. Tabi (dramatist and novelist).[18] The Bureau of Ghana Languages has been unable to continue printing novels in the language, and the following are out of print: Obreguo, Okrabiri, Afrakoma, Obeede, Fia Tsatsala, and Ku Di Fo Nanawu.[20]

Education

Primary

In 1978 the AOC established a common orthography for all of Akan, which is used as the medium of instruction in primary school.[21][22] The Akan language is recognized for literacy, from at least the lower primary level (primary 1–3).[9]

University

The Akan language is studied at several major universities in the United States, including Ohio University, Ohio State University, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Harvard University, Boston University, Indiana University, University of Michigan, and The University of Florida. Akan has been a regular African language of study in the annual Summer Cooperative African Languages Institute (SCALI) program.[23] The Akan language is studied in these universities as a bachelor or masters program.[9]

Common phrases

• Akwaaba – Welcome
• Aane (Twi) - Yes
• Nyew (Fante)– Yes
• Yiw (Akuapem) – Yes
• Yoo – Okay/Alright
• Oho / anhã (Fante)/Daabi (Twi)– No/Nope
• Da yie (Twi) – Good night (literally "sleep well")
• Me rekɔ da(Fante) – I'm going to sleep
• Ɛte sɛn? (Twi) – How is it going/How are you? (could also be used in the non lit. sense as "hello")
• Medaase – Thank you
• Mepa wo kyɛw – Please/excuse me/I beg your pardon
• Ndwom (Fante)/nnwom (Twi) – Song/songs or music
• Wo din de sɛn?/Yɛfrɛ wo sɛn? (Twi) - What is your name?
• Wo dzin dze dεn? (Fante) – What is your name?
• Me dzin dze.../Wɔfrɛ me... (Fante) – My name is/I'm called...
• Woedzi mfe ahen? (Fante) – How old is he/she?
• Edzi mfe ahen (Fante) – How old are you?
• ɔwɔ hen? – Where is it?
• Me rekɔ – I am going/ I am taking my leave.
• Mbo (Fante)/Mmo (Twi)– Good
• Jo (Fante)/Kɔ (Twi) – Leave
• Ayɛ Adze (Fante) – well done
• Gyae – Stop
• Da – Sleep
• Bra - Come
• Bra ha - Come here
• Bɛ didi - Come and eat

Names of Places

• Fie - Home
• Sukuu - School
• Asɔre - Church
• Dwaaso - Market
• sukuupon - University or a tertiary Institution
• Ayaresabea - Hospital

References

Bibliography

• Kasahorow Editors (2005), Modern Akan: A concise introduction to the Akuapem, Fanti and Twi language. kasahorow, Accra. ISBN 9988-0-3767-8
• Dolphyne, Florence Abena (1988), The Akan (Twi-Fante) Language: Its Sound Systems and Tonal Structure. Ghana Universities Press, Accra. ISBN 9964-3-0159-6
• F.A. Dolphyne (1996) A Comprehensive Course in Twi (Asante) for the Non-Twi Learner. Ghana University Press, Accra. ISBN 9964-3-0245-2.
• Schacter, Paul (1968). A Phonology of Akan: Akuapem, Asante, Fante. Los Angeles: UC Press.
• William Nketia (2004) Twi für Ghana:; Wort für Wort. Reise Know-How Verlag, Bielefeld. ISBN 3-89416-346-1. (In German)
• Obeng, Samuel Gyasi. (2001). African anthroponymy: An ethnopragmatic and norphophonological study of personal names in Akan and some African societies. LINCOM studies in anthropology 08. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 3-89586-431-5.
• J.E. Redden and N. Owusu (1963, 1995). Twi Basic Course. Foreign Service Institute (Hippocrene reprint). ISBN 0-7818-0394-2

External links

• English-Tshi (Asante) : a dictionary = Enyiresi-Twi nsem-asekyere-nhõma (1909), Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft in Basel
• Akan Language Resources
• Journal of West African Languages: Akan
• My First Akan Dictionary Online Akan (Twi, Fanti) Dictionary
• Twi Word of the Day and Articles
• Twi Language Resources
• The Bible in Twi
• The Quran in Twi Language
• Poem translated into Twi
• Watch Twi Music Videos
• Prayer in Twi used by Ghanaians of the Baha'i Faith
• Open Twi Project, a project to bring Akan (Asante Twi at the moment) to standard e.g. in software, dictionary, and grammar
• Literature and articles in Ahanta Literature and articles in Ahanta.

На других языках

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[de] Akan-Sprachen

Das Wort Akan ([.mw-parser-output .IPA a{text-decoration:none}əˈkæn][1]) bezeichnet eine Gruppe von Sprachen mit ca. 8.300.000 Sprechern, die der Kwa-Sprachfamilie zugeordnet werden und in Ghana und der Elfenbeinküste gesprochen werden. Sprecher sind die verschiedenen sogenannten Akanvölker.

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- [en] Akan language

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[es] Lenguas akánicas

El akan o akánico constituye un grupo de variedades dialectales relacionadas con mayor o menor grado de inteligibilidad, que pertenecen al grupo potou-tano de las lenguas kwa (Níger-Congo centro-meridional).[1][2] Es hablado principalmente en Ghana y Costa de Marfil.[3] Está formado por un grupo de dialectos similares que se pueden entender entre sí.[4] Debido a que las diferentes variedades akánicas pueden diferir entre sí notablemente, a veces se habla de lenguas akánicas.

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[fr] Akan (langue)

L’akan est une langue kwa du sous-groupe des langues tano central parlée par près de 8,3 millions de personnes au Ghana et en Côte d'Ivoire et par un total de 8 314 600 personnes en 2004[1]. Elle est divisée en deux dialectes majeurs : le twi et le fanti.

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[it] Lingua akan

La lingua akan o akan è una lingua kwa parlata in Ghana. Al 2022, è parlata da 9,3 milioni di parlanti totali[1].

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[ru] Акан

Ака́н (чви-фа́нти) — один из аканских языков, один из языков народа аканов. Распространён в центральной и южной Гане, а также на востоке Кот-д’Ивуара. Число говорящих свыше 7 млн человек (оценка, 1995).

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