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Kallawaya, also Callahuaya or Callawalla, is an endangered, secret, mixed language in Bolivia; another name sometimes used for the language is Pohena. It is spoken by the Kallawaya people, a group of traditional itinerant healers in the Andes in their medicinal healing practice living in Charazani, the highlands north of Lake Titicaca,[2] and Tipuani.[3]

Kallawaya
Native toBolivia
RegionLa Paz Department: Charazani; highlands north of Lake Titicaca
Native speakers
None[1]
10–20 as 2nd language[citation needed]
Language family
Puquina
  • Kallawaya
Official status
Official language in
 Bolivia
Language codes
ISO 639-3caw
Glottologcall1235
ELPKallawaya

Characteristics


Kallawaya is a mixed language. The grammar is partially Quechua in morphology, but most of its words are from either unknown sources or from an otherwise extinct language family, Pukina. Pukina was abandoned in favor of Quechua, Aymara, and Spanish.[4]

Kallawaya is also a secret language, passed only by father to son, or grandfather to grandson, or rarely, to daughters if a practitioner has no sons. It is not used in normal family dialogue. Although its use is primarily ritual, used secretly for initiated men, Kallawaya may be a part of everyday conversation between those familiar with it.[5]

Kallawaya was one of the subjects of Ironbound Films' 2008 American documentary film The Linguists, in which two linguists attempted to document several moribund languages.[6]

Bolivians refer to the region where the speakers live as "Qollahuayas," meaning "place of the medicines", because the Kallawaya are renowned herbalists. Since they treat or cure with plants, minerals, animal products, and rituals, peasants refer to the speakers as "Qolla kapachayuh", or "Kuolla ka paikkoja" meaning "lords of the medicine bag", or "the places for those dying", as in english "hospital".


References


  1. Kallawaya at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Bolivia languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
  3. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  4. Willem Adelaar; Simon van de Kerke. "The Puquina and Leko languages". Symposium: Advances in Native South American Historical Linguistics, July 17–18, 2006, at the 52nd International Congress of Americanists, Seville, Spain. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  5. "The Kallawaya Language Project". Archived from the original (online) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  6. Honeycutt, Kirk (18 January 2008). "The Linguists". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2009.

Further reading





На других языках

- [en] Kallawaya language

[it] Lingua kallawaya

La lingua kallawaya, detto anche Callahuaya o Callawalla, è una lingua mista e in pericolo parlata in Bolivia. È parlato dal Kallawaya, un gruppo di guaritori itineranti tradizionali delle Ande.

[ru] Кальяуайя (язык)

Кальяуайя (исп. Callawalla, Callahuaya, Kallawaya) — исчезающий смешанный индейский язык в Боливии. В настоящее время используется только как вспомогательный язык мужчинами-знахарями, для которых не является родным. Был распространён ещё со времён Инкской империи среди калавайя — специалистов по травам и минералам, проживающих до настоящего времени на территории современной провинции Баутиста-Сааведра  (англ.) (рус. в департаменте Ла-Пас, Боливия.


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