lingvo.wikisort.org - Language
Itonama is a moribund language isolate spoken by the Itonama people in the Amazonian lowlands of north-eastern Bolivia. Greenberg’s (1987) classification of Itonama as Paezan, a sub-branch of Macro-Chibchan, remains unsupported and Itonama continues to be considered an isolate or unclassified language.
| Itonama | |
|---|---|
| sihni pandara | |
| Native to | Bolivia |
| Region | Beni Department |
| Ethnicity | 2,900 (2006)[1] |
Native speakers | 5 (2007)[1] |
Language family | Language isolate |
Writing system | Latin |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Bolivia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ito |
| Glottolog | iton1250 |
| ELP | Itonama |
 Itonama is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
It was spoken on the Itonomas River and Lake[2] in Beni Department.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Nambikwaran languages due to contact.[3]
An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[4] found lexical similarities between Itonama and Movima, likely due to contact.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
Diphthongs: /ai au/.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | tʃ | tʲ | k | ʔ |
| ejective | tʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | |||||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Liquid | lateral | l | |||||
| rhotic | ɾ | ||||||
| Semivowel | w | j | |||||
The postalveolar affricates /tʃ tʃʼ/ have alveolar allophones [ts tsʼ]. Variation occurs between speakers, and even within the speech of a single person.
The semivowel /w/ is realized as a bilabial fricative [β] when preceded and followed by identical vowels.
Morphology
Itonama is a polysynthetic, head-marking, verb-initial language with an accusative alignment system along with an inverse subsystem in independent clauses, and straightforward accusative alignment in dependent clauses.
Nominal morphology lacks case declension and adpositions and so is simpler than verbal morphology (which has body-part and location incorporation, directionals, evidentials, verbal classifiers, among others).[5]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Itonama.[2]
gloss Itonama one chash-káni two chash-chupa tooth huomóte tongue páchosníla hand mapára woman ubíka water huanúhue fire ubári moon chakakáshka maize udáme jaguar ótgu house úku
See also
- Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)
- Macro-Paesan languages
Further reading
- Camp, E. L.; Liccardi, M. R. (1967). Itonama, castellano e inglés. (Vocabularios Bolivianos, 6.) Riberalta: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
References
- Itonama at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
- Crevels, M. Who did what to whom in Magdalena. p. 3.
- Crevels, Mily (2002). "Itonama o Sihnipadara, Lengua no clasificada de la Amazonía Boliviana" (PDF). Estudios de Lingüística (in Spanish). 16.
External links
- Sample of Itonama fragment
- Lenguas de Bolivia (online edition)
- Itonama (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
Jesuit Missions of Moxos | |||
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На других языках
- [en] Itonama language
[es] Idioma itonama
El itonama o sihnipadara (itonama: sihni pandara 'nuestra lengua') es una lengua no clasificada de Bolivia que en la actualidad está prácticamente extinta, aunque el grupo étnico itonama consta de algunos miles de personas.[fr] Itonama
L'itonama (ou machoto, saramo) est une langue amérindienne isolée parlée en Amazonie bolivienne par seulement cinq personnes de plus de 80 ans en 2007 sur une population ethnique de 2 940 personnes, qui choisissent de parler plutôt l'espagnol[1].[ru] Итонама (язык)
Итонама (сихнипадара, мачото, срама) — находящийся под угрозой исчезновения язык-изолят боливийской Амазонии.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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