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Old Welsh (Welsh: Hen Gymraeg) is the stage of the Welsh language from about 800 AD until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh.[1] The preceding period, from the time Welsh became distinct from Common Brittonic around 550, has been called "Primitive"[1] or "Archaic Welsh".[2]

Old Welsh
Native toWales
EraEvolved into Middle Welsh about the 12th century
Language family
Indo-European
  • Celtic
    • Insular Celtic
      • Brittonic
        • Old Welsh
Early forms
Common Brittonic
  • Western Brittonic
Writing system
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3owl
Linguist List
owl
Glottologoldw1241  Old Welsh
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Texts


The oldest surviving text entirely in Old Welsh is understood to be that on a gravestone now in Tywyn – the Cadfan Stone – thought to date from the 7th century, although more recent scholarship dates it in the 9th century.[3] A key body of Old Welsh text also survives in glosses and marginalia from around 900 in the Juvencus Manuscript and in De raris fabulis. Some examples of medieval Welsh poems and prose additionally originate from this period, but are found in later manuscripts; Y Gododdin, for example, is preserved in Middle Welsh. A text in Latin and Old Welsh in the Lichfield Gospels called the "Surrexit Memorandum" is thought to have been written in the early 8th century but may be a copy of a text from the 6th or 7th centuries.[4][5]


Surrexit Memorandum



Text

Words in bold are Latin, not Old Welsh.

surexit tutbulc filius liuit hagener tutri dierchi tir telih haioid ilau elcu filius gelhig haluidt iuguret amgucant pel amtanndi ho diued diprotant gener tutri o guir imguodant ir degion guragon tagc rodesit elcu guetig equs tres uache, tres uache nouidligi namin ir ni be cas igridu dimedichat guetig hit did braut grefiat guetig nis minn tutbulc hai cenetl in ois oisau


Translation

Tudfwlch son of Llywyd and son-in-law of Tudri arose to claim the land of Telych, which was in the hand of Elgu son of Gelli and the tribe of Idwared. They disputed long about it; in the end they disjudge Tudri's son-in-law by law. The goodmen said to each other 'Let us make peace'. Elgu gave afterwards a horse, three cows, three cows newly calved, in order that there might not be hatred between them from the ruling afterwards till the Day of Judgement. Tudfwlch and his kin will not want it for ever and ever.


Features

Old Welsh Modern Welsh English
tirtirland
laullawhand
haluidta llwythand (the) tribe
diueddiweddend
iryr, ythe
nouidnewyddnew
guetigwediafter
cascashatred
hithyduntil
diddyddday
brautbrawdjudgement
in ois oisouyn oes oesoeddfor ever and ever

Page 141 (on which the text is written) also appears to hold more text written in Old Welsh below Latin, and a mysterious section where text appears to have been erased. No translations or transcripts have yet been offered for the text.

It is also unknown why the particular page was used for the glosses, as little or no text appears to have been added to any other of the Lichfield Gospels. It is possible that the page was chosen to conceal the later added information.


See also



References


  1. Koch, p. 1757.
  2. Willis, p. 1
  3. Edwards, Nancy. 2013. A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales. Vol. III: North Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, p. 430.
  4. Encyclopaedia Wales; University of Wales Press; main editor: John Davies; page 577
  5. Medieval Vision: The Visual Culture of Wales. University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 2003, pg. 25.



На других языках


- [en] Old Welsh

[fr] Vieux gallois

Le vieux gallois (Hen Gymraeg en gallois moderne) est le nom donné au gallois quand il s'est distingué de la langue brittonique, probablement entre le milieu du VIe siècle et le milieu du VIIe siècle, jusqu'au début du XIIe siècle, date à laquelle il fait place au moyen gallois.

[it] Lingua gallese antica

L'antico gallese (Hen Gymraeg) è il nome dato alla lingua gallese da quando si sviluppò dalla lingua brittonica, cioè nel periodo tra la metà del VI secolo e la metà del VII secolo fino al XII secolo quando si sviluppò nel medio gallese.[1][2]

[ru] Древневаллийский язык

Древневалли́йский язы́к (валл. Hen Gymraeg) — период в истории валлийского языка с 800 годов н.э. до начала XII века, когда он перешел в средневаллийский. Предыдущий период истории языка, когда валлийский отделился от бриттского языка (англ. en:British language (Celtic)), называется «Примитивный валлийский»[1] .



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