lingvo.wikisort.org - Language
The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family.
| Tuparí | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Brazil |
| Linguistic classification | Tupian
|
| Glottolog | tupa1251 |
Internal classification
The Tupari languages are:[1][2]
- Makuráp
- Nuclear Tupari
- Akuntsu–Mekéns (Sakirabiá, Waratégaya)
- Tuparí, Kepkiriwát, Wayoró
None are spoken by more than a few hundred people.
A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:[3]
Varieties
Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]
- Macuráp group
- Macuráp - spoken at the sources of the Colorado River (Rondônia).
- Kanuːa / Koaratíra / Canoê - spoken in the valley of Apidía and on the middle course of the Verde River, Rondônia.
- Amniapé - spoken at the sources of the Mequéns River.
- Guaratégaja / Mequen - spoken at the sources of the Verde River and Mequéns River in the same region.
- Kabishiana - spoken between the Corumbiara River and Verde River, Rondônia.
- Wayoró / Wyarú - spoken at the sources of the Terevinto River and Colorado River (Rondônia).
- Apichum - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown.
- Tupari / Wakaraü - once spoken on the upper course of the Branco River or São Simão River, the same territory; now probably extinct.
- Kepkeriwát group
- Kepkeriwát / Quepi-quiri-uate - spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River.
Proto-language
| Proto-Tupari | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Tupari languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | Proto-Tupian
|
Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):[5]
gloss Proto-Tuparí ‘sweet potato’ *gwagwo ‘tapir’ *ɨkwaay ‘macaw’ *pet+'a ‘one’ *kiẽt ‘small’ *Dĩĩt ‘fish’ *pot ‘fowl’ *õkɨra ‘seed’ *kit ‘neck’ *gwotkɨp ‘heart’ *ãnõã ‘to know’ *toã ‘to give’ *ñũã ‘to speak’ *mãYã ‘sun, year’ *ŋgiahkop ‘stone’ *ŋwa+'i ‘earth’ *kɨy ‘fire; firewood’ *agopkap ‘mountain’ *(n)dzo ‘person’ *aotse ‘mother’ *ñä ‘husband’ *mẽt ‘hammock’ *ẽ/*ĩnĩ ‘seat’ *ãβõ-pe ‘seat’ *ñãp-pe ‘hair’ *Dap ‘tooth’ *ñããy ‘hand’ *mbo ‘nail’ *mbo-ape ‘skin’ *pe ‘liver’ *pia ‘foot’ *mbi ‘breast’ *ŋẽp ‘blood (n)’ *a ‘blood (n)’ *eYɨ ‘tobacco’ *pitoa ‘maize’ *atsitsi ‘axe’ *gwi ‘knife’ *ŋgɨtpe ‘timbo’ *ŋĩk ‘mortar’ *ẽndzɨ ‘salt’ *ŋgɨɨt ‘meat’ *ñẽt+'ã ‘water (n)’ *ɨgɨ ‘basin’ *βãẽkɨt ‘dust’ *ñõ'õ ‘path’ *pee ‘night’ *ŋĩndak ‘leaf’ *Dep/*deep ‘Brazil nut tree’ *kãnã ‘Brazil nut tree’ *arao ‘assai (palm)’ *gwit+'i ‘banana’ *ehpiip ‘cotton’ *ororo ‘genipap’ *tsigaap ‘peanut’ *araɨgwi ‘pepper’ *kõỹ ‘armadillo’ *ndayto ‘tail’ *okway ‘snake’ *Dat/*daat ‘lizard’ *Dako ‘turtle’ *mbok+'a ‘caiman’ *gwaYto ‘crab’ *kera ‘achiote’ *ŋgop ‘horn’ *apikɨp ‘paca’ *gwãnãmbiro ‘deer’ *ɨtsɨɨ ‘dog’ *ãŋwẽko ‘ocelot’ *ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt ‘agouti’ *ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã ‘bat’ *ŋwari+'a ‘coati’ *pi'it ‘capuchin monkey’ *sahkɨrap ‘spider monkey’ *ãrĩmẽ ‘honey marten’ (kinkajou?) *ãmãnã ‘peccary’ *Daotse ‘collared peccary’ *Daotsey ‘louse’ *ãŋgɨp ‘flea’ *ñõk ‘wasp’ *ŋgap ‘termite’ *ŋgub+i ‘big ant’ *Dat+'a ‘cockroach’ *a ‘cockroach’ *eβape ‘cicada’ *ŋõtŋõna ‘scorpion’ *kɨtnĩŋã ‘snail’ *ɨ̃ỹã ‘piranha’ *ipñãỹ ‘surubim’ *ãnõrẽ ‘mandi’ *mõkoa ‘toucan’ *yo ‘toucan’ *ñõkãt ‘duck’ *ɨpek ‘vulture’ *ɨβe ‘vulture’ *ako ‘hawk’ *kẽỹ+'ã ‘hummingbird’ *mĩnĩt ‘owl’ *popoβa ‘partridge’ *kwãŋwã ‘basket, big’ *ãŋgerek ‘canoe’ *kɨp-pe ‘clothing’ *pe ‘to drink’ *ka ‘to take’ *ara ‘to blow’ *ɨβa ‘to vomit’ *ẽkẽt ‘to push’ *mõrã ‘to swim’ *tĩptĩpnã ‘to see’ *to'a ‘to see’ *-tso- ‘hot’ *ahkop ‘good’ *poat ‘new’ *pahgop ‘old’ *poot ‘name’ *Det ‘sour’ *kãỹ ‘other’ *nõõ ‘smooth’ *atsik ‘rotten’ *ãnde ‘rotten’ *ãkwĩ ‘straight’ *kɨɨt ‘distant’ *gwetsok ‘2nd person’ *ẽt
Syntax
In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are absolutive, i.e., they index the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) and the patient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are nominative: they may encode the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) or the agent argument of a transitive verb (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from Wayoró.[6]: 99
Eamõjãn (en). s-V (S) /e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/ 2-dance-TH-NFUT (2.NOM) ‘You danced.’
Etopkwap nã on. p-V A /e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/ 2-see-PL-TH-p FUT 1.NOM ‘I’ll see you every day.’
References
 |
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Tupari reconstructions |
- Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019. Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama. Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli, v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305. (PDF)
- Andrade, Rafael (to appear). As consoantes alvéolo-dentais do Proto-Tuparí: revisão e reconstrução fonológica. In: OLIVEIRA, Christiane Cunha de (ed.). Memórias do II Encontro dos Americanistas no Cerrado. Goiânia: Universidade Federal de Goiás.
- Nikulin, Andrey; Rafael Andrade. 2020. The rise and fall of approximants in the Tuparian languages. Journal of Language Relationship 18/4 (2020), pp. 284–319.
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- Moore, D. & Vilacy Galucio, A. (1994). Reconstruction of Proto-Tupari consonants and vowels. In Langdon, M. (eds.), Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 8. 119-30, Columbus: Ohio State University. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.
- Galucio, Ana Vilacy; de Souza Nogueira, Antônia Fernanda (20 July 2018). "From object nominalization to object focus: The innovative A-alignment in the Tuparian languages (Tupian family)". Journal of Historical Linguistics. 8 (1): 95–127. doi:10.1075/jhl.16025.gal.
External links
На других языках
- [en] Tupari languages
[es] Lenguas tuparí
La subfamilia de lenguas tuparí es un conjunto de 5 lenguas indígenas de América habladas en Brasil. Una lengua del grupo se halla extinguida. Es una subfamilia del tronco tupí, la de mayor extensión geográfica en el territorio de América del Sur.[fr] Langues tupari
Les langues tupari constituent un des groupes de la famille des langues tupi. Elles sont parlées dans l'État du Rondônia, au Brésil[1].[ru] Тупарийские языки
Тупари́йские языки (языки тупари́) — одна из ветвей языковой семьи тупи. Распространены в Бразилии.Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.
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