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The Yonaguni language (与那国物言/ドゥナンムヌイ Dunan Munui) is a Southern Ryukyuan language spoken by around 400 people on the island of Yonaguni, in the Ryukyu Islands, the westernmost of the chain lying just east of Taiwan.[2] It is most closely related to Yaeyama. Due to the Japanese policy on languages, the language is not recognized by the government, which instead calls it the Yonaguni dialect (与那国方言, Yonaguni hōgen). As classified by UNESCO, the Yonaguni language is one of the most endangered languages in all of Japan, after the Ainu language.

Yonaguni
与那国物言/ドゥナンムヌイ Dunan Munui
Pronunciation[dunaŋmunui]
Native toJapan
RegionYonaguni
Native speakers
400 (2015)[1]
Language family
Japonic
  • Ryukyuan
    • Southern Ryukyuan
      • Macro-Yaeyama
        • Yonaguni
Writing system
Japanese
Language codes
ISO 639-3yoi
Glottologyona1241
ELPYonaguni
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Phonology



Vowels


The table below shows the vowels present in the Yonaguni language. Vowels which are only allophonic appear in parentheses.

Front Central Back
Close i u
Near-close (ɪ) (ʊ)
Close-Mid o[a]
Open a (ɑ)
^a [o] can also probably be recognized as an independent phoneme and not just as an allophone of /u/. However, its distribution is very limited. Excluding a few interjections, the only morpheme in which it appears is the sentence-final, exclamatory particle do.

Consonants


The table below shows the consonants present in the Yonaguni language. Consonants which are only allophonic appear in parentheses. Plosive and affricate phonemes have three-way contrast between fortis, lenis, and voiced consonants.

Labial Labio-
velar		 Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal		 Palatal Velar Glottal
LEN FOR VOX LEN FOR VOX LEN FOR VOX
Plosive p b tʰ t d kʰ k ɡ
Fricative (ɸ) s (ɕ) (ç) h
Affricate t͡s (t͡ɕ)
Nasal m n ŋ
Flap ɾ
Approximant (ʍ) w j

Phonological cognates


As a Southern Ryukyuan language, Yonaguni, similar to Miyako and Yaeyama, has /b/ in place with Standard Japanese /w/, such as Yonaguni /bata/ ('stomach, belly'), cognate with Japanese /wata/ ('guts, bowels'). Yonaguni also has /d/ where Japanese and other Ryukyuan languages have /j/ (orthographically y). Thus, for example, Yonaguni /dama/ ('mountain') is cognate with Japanese and Yaeyama /jama/ ('id.'). Yonaguni /d/ is probably a recent development from an earlier */j/, however, judging from the fact that even the */j/ in loanwords of Sinitic origin is pronounced /d/ by speakers of the Yonaguni language, such as dasai 'vegetables' from Middle Chinese *jia-tsʰʌi (野菜). An entry in the late-15th-century Korean annals Seongjong Taewang Sillok records the local name of the island of Yonaguni in Idu script as 閏伊是麼, which has the Middle Korean reading zjuni sima, with sima glossed in the text as the Japonic word for 'island'. That is direct evidence of an intermediate stage of the fortition *j- > *z- > d-, leading to the modern name /dunaŋ/ 'Yonaguni'.[3]

The Yonaguni language exhibits intervocalic voicing of plosives, as do many Japonic languages. It also exhibits the tendency for /ɡ/, especially when intervocalic, to be pronounced as a velar nasal /ŋ/, as in Standard Japanese.


Syllable structure


Below is the syllable template for Dunan:

(C (G) ) V1 (V2) (N)

The onset allows for a single consonant with the occasional presence of a glide. The nucleus can contain up to two vowels. The only allowable coda is a moraic nasal.


Writing system


Main article: Kaidā logogram

Yonaguni was once written with a unique writing system called Kaidā logograms. However, after conquest by the Ryukyu Kingdom and later annexation by the Empire of Japan, the logograms were replaced by Japanese kana and Kanji.


References


  1. Yamada, Masahiro; Pellard, Thomas; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimaji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Handbooks of Japanese Language and Linguistics. Vol. 11. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 449–478. ISBN 978-1-61451-161-8.
  2. Pellard, Thomas; Yamada, Masahiro (2017). "Verb Morphology and Conjugation Classes in Dunan (Yonaguni)". In Kiefer, Ferenc; Blevins, James P.; Bartos, Huba (eds.). Perspectives on Morphological Organization: Data and Analyses. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-34293-4.
  3. Vovin, Alexander (2010). "Yonaguni initial d- as an innovation". Korea-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3278-0.

Further reading





На других языках

- [en] Yonaguni language

[fr] Yonaguni (langue)

Le yonaguni (ou dunan) est une langue japonique appartenant à la branche sud des langues ryukyu[2]. Elle est parlée sur l'île de Yonaguni au Japon, dans le sud de la préfecture d'Okinawa.

[it] Lingua yonaguni

La lingua yonaguni (与那国語 yonaguni-go?, in yonaguni: ドゥナンムヌイ dunan munui, in lingua di Okinawa: ユナグニグチ, yunaguni-guchi) è una lingua ryukyuana parlata in Giappone, sull'isola di Yonaguni, nell'arcipelago delle Ryūkyū.

[ru] Йонагунский язык

Йонагунский язык (ドゥナンムヌイ, дунан мунуи) — язык, относящийся к рюкюской группе японо-рюкюской языковой семьи, на котором говорит народ йонагуни, проживающий на острове Йонагуни южной части префектуры Окинава, к востоку от Тайваня, в Японии.


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