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Slovincian is the language formerly spoken by the Slovincians (Kashubian: Słowińcë, Polish: Słowińcy, German: Slowinzen, Lebakaschuben), a West Slavic tribe living between lakes Gardno and Łebsko near Słupsk in Pomerania.

Not to be confused with Slovene language or Slovak language.
Slovincian
slɵvjĩnsħï ją̃zĕk[1][2]
Native toPoland, Germany
RegionPomerania
Extinct20th century
Language family
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologslov1270
Linguasphere53-AAA-ca

Slovincian is classified either as a language (first by Friedrich Lorentz, 1902/3[3]), or as a Kashubian dialect[4][5][6] (first by Lorentz, after 1903[3]) or variant,[3][7] with Kashubian itself being classified either as a language or as a Polish dialect.[6] Slovincian and Kashubian are both classified as Pomeranian.[3][7]

Slovincian became extinct in the early twentieth century.[3][7] However, individual words and expressions survived until after World War II, when the region became Polish. Some Slovincians were expelled along with the Germans.[8] Of those allowed to stay, a few elderly people had fragmentary knowledge of Slovincian until the 1950s.[8]

It is disputed whether Slovincians actually used that name, given to them by the Russian academic Aleksander Hilferding, for themselves. The synonym Lebakaschuben is also used. Some scholars believe that Slovincians regarded themselves merely as Lutheran Kashubians and their language as Kashubian. Nevertheless, the name "Slovincian" prevails in literature and is also used officially, for example in Słowiński Park Narodowy (Slovincian National Park), a protected area on the Polish Pomeranian coast.


Phonology



Accent


Slovincian is particularly important to Slavic accentologists because, together with the closely related northern Kashubian dialects, it is the only part of West Slavic to retain the free accent from Proto-Slavic. The accent was stress-based, free (ˈkolo,[9] vječˈeřa, gen. pl. břegˈōv). The length was distinctive (ˈstrava "food" ≠ ˈtrāva "grass"). Stress can be enclinomenic[10] and mobile (ˈvoda "water", ˈza vodą "for water", vodˈǭ "with water") or bound (rˈiba, za rˈibą, rˈibǭ). Beside accent, vowel length can also alternate within the paradigm (mlˈocic "to trash, hit", 2nd. person present mlˈōcīš). The syllable is always long before a voiced final consonant (břēg "hill", but ˈbřegū).

The small number of oxytones has been considered both an archaism and an innovation,[4] while the quantity distinction by stress is a conservative feature shared with Slovene and Serbo-Croatian.[5] There are two accentual paradigms in Slovincian, a fixed and a mobile one, with the mobile one resulting in a stress alternation only within the stem, not the ending.[4]


Grammar


Slovincian grammar is preserved in the Slovinzische Grammatik compiled in 1903 by Friedrich Lorentz, who in 1908–1912 also published Slovinzisches Wörterbuch, a Slovincian dictionary.[5]


History


The ancestors of the Slovincians, the West Slavic Pomeranians, moved in after the Migration Period. Following the Ostsiedlung, the Slovincians like most of the other Wends gradually became Germanized. The adoption of Lutheranism in the Duchy of Pomerania in 1534[11][12][13] distinguished the Slovincians from the Kashubes in Pomerelia, who remained Roman Catholic.[8] In the 16th century, "Slovincian" was also applied to the Slavic speakers in the Bytów (Bütow) region further south.[8]

In the 16th and 17th century Michael Brüggemann (also known as Pontanus or Michał Mostnik), Simon Krofey (Szimon Krofej) and J.M. Sporgius introduced Kashubian into the Lutheran Church. Krofey, pastor in Bytów (Bütow), published a religious song book in 1586, written in Polish but also containing some Kashubian words. Brüggemann, pastor in Schmolsin, published a Polish translation of some works of Martin Luther and biblical texts, also containing Kashubian elements. Other biblical texts were published in 1700 by Sporgius, pastor in Schmolsin. His Schmolsiner Perikopen, most of which is written in the same Polish-Kashubian style of Krofey's and Brüggemann's books, also contain small passages ("6th Sunday after Epiphanias") written in pure Kashubian.[14]

Hilferding (1862) and Parczewski (1896) confirmed a progressive language shift in the Kashubian population from their Slavonic vernacular to the local German dialect (Low German Ostpommersch or High German, in eastern Kashubian areas also Low German Low Prussian).[3]

By the 1920s, the Slovincian villages had become linguistically German, though a Slovincian consciousness remained.[8] The area remained within the borders of Germany until becoming part of Poland after World War II ended in 1945 and the area became Polish. Some Slovincians were expelled along with the German population, some were allowed to remain.[8] In the 1950s, mainly in the village of Kluki (formerly Klucken), a few elderly people still remembered fragments of Slovincian.[8]

Slovincians began to ask for the right to emigrate to West Germany, and virtually all of the remaining Slovincian families had emigrated there by the 1980s.


See also



References


  1. Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) Slowinzisches Wörterbuch, erster Teil, St. Petersburg, Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, p. 391
  2. Lorentz, Friedrich (1912), Slowinzisches Wörterbuch, zweiter Teil, St. Petersburg, Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, p. 1520
  3. Dicky Gilbers, John A. Nerbonne, J. Schaeken, Languages in Contact, Rodopi, 2000, p.329, ISBN 90-420-1322-2
  4. Christina Yurkiw Bethin, Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory, pp.160ff, Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-521-59148-1
  5. Edward Stankiewicz, The Accentual Patterns of the Slavic Languages, Stanford University Press, 1993, p.291, ISBN 0-8047-2029-0
  6. Harry Hulst, Georg Bossong, Eurotyp, Walter de Gruyter, 1999, p.837, ISBN 3-11-015750-0
  7. Roland Sussex, Paul Cubberley, The Slavic Languages, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.97, ISBN 0-521-22315-6
  8. Bernard Comrie, Greville G. Corbett, The Slavonic languages, Taylor & Francis, 2002, p.762, ISBN 0-415-28078-8
  9. Using scholarly transcription according to Stankiewicz (1993)
  10. See: Carrasquer Vidal, Miguel (October 2014). "Balto- Slavic accentology 'for dummies'". Academia.edu. Academia.edu. § Slaaby-Larsen’s law. Retrieved 5 November 2016. In Slavic, the barytone forms of mobile paradigms behave as if they were underlyingly unstressed. When a preverb or preposition precedes, the stress is retracted from the root to the prefix (ná vodǫ ‘on water’, né bylo ‘it was not’, etc.). Such forms are known as enclinomena.
  11. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.205-212, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  12. Richard du Moulin Eckart, Geschichte der deutschen Universitäten, Georg Olms Verlag, 1976, pp.111,112, ISBN 3-487-06078-7
  13. Gerhard Krause, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Müller, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, pp.43ff, ISBN 3-11-015435-8
  14. Peter Hauptmann, Günther Schulz, Kirche im Osten: Studien zur osteuropäischen Kirchengeschichte und Kirchenkunde, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000, pp.44ff, ISBN 3-525-56393-0

Further reading


Two articles about the Slovincians after 1945, in German




На других языках

[de] Slowinzische Sprache

Die slowinzische Sprache (slowinzisch slovjĩnsħï ją̃zĕk, slovjĩnsħė gådą̃ńė)[1] ist eine im 20. Jahrhundert ausgestorbene westslawische Sprache. Zusammen mit den ebenfalls ausgestorbenen polabischen Sprachen und dem noch gesprochenen Kaschubischen bildete sie einen Überrest der slawischen Sprachen, welche ursprünglich entlang der Ostseeküste in Pommern und nordöstlich der Elbe gesprochen wurden. Ob das Slowinzische eine eigene Sprache war oder als Dialekt des Kaschubischen angesehen werden kann, ist strittig. Nicht wenige Menschen in bzw. aus dem nordöstlichen Hinterpommern definierten sich als Slowinzen (auch Lebakaschuben), obwohl sie die Sprache nicht mehr sprechen konnten.
- [en] Slovincian language

[es] Idioma eslovincio

El eslovincio es una lengua eslava extinta hablada por los eslovincios (Slowinzen, Lebakaschuben), un grupo eslavo que ocupaba el territorio entre los lagos Gardno (Gardersee) y Łebsko (Lebasee) cerca de Słupsk en Pomerania.

[fr] Slovince

Le slovince est une langue slave disparue autrefois parlée entre les lacs Gardno et Łebsko en Poméranie. Elle représente un dialecte éteint de la langue poméranienne, dont subsiste aujourd'hui le cachoube[1], et se rattache plus largement au groupe léchitique des langues slaves occidentales.

[it] Dialetto slovinzo

Lo slovinzo[1][2][3][4] o slovinzio[5] era una lingua slava parlata in Pomerania (una regione polacca sul Mar Baltico) entro un'area compresa tra i laghi Gardno e Łebsko. Lo slovinzo si estinse come lingua della propria comunità e venne rimpiazzata dal basso tedesco all'inizio del XX secolo. Ad ogni modo, singole parole ed espressioni sopravvissero fino alla seconda guerra mondiale. A quel tempo rimanevano solo pochi anziani che riuscivano ad intrattenere semplici conversazioni in tale lingua.

[ru] Словинский язык

Слови́нский (слови́нцский) (slovjĩnsħï ją̃zĕk, slovjĩnsħė gådą̃ńė — самоназвание[1]) — западнославянский идиом лехитской подгруппы, вымерший в XX веке. Он рассматривается одними авторами как группа говоров севернокашубского диалекта, другими — как диалект кашубского либо (не выделяющими в свою очередь кашубский) польского. Встречается употребление термина «поморский (померанский) язык», объединяющего кашубский и словинский. На нём говорили словинцы, впервые этнографически описанные А. Ф. Гильфердингом в 1856 и проживавшие к северо-западу от кашубов, между Лебским озером и озером Гардно.


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