lingvo.wikisort.org - Language
Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbšćina) is a West Slavic minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia, today part of Brandenburg.
| Lower Sorbian | |
|---|---|
| dolnoserbšćina, dolnoserbski | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈdɔlnɔˌsɛrskʲi] |
| Native to | Germany |
| Region | Brandenburg |
| Ethnicity | Sorbs |
Native speakers | 6,900 (2007)[1] |
Language family | Indo-European
|
Writing system | Latin (Sorbian alphabet) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | dsb |
| ISO 639-3 | dsb |
| Glottolog | lowe1385 |
| ELP | Lower Sorbian |
| Linguasphere | 53-AAA-ba < 53-AAA-b < 53-AAA-b...-d (varieties: 53-AAA-baa to 53-AAA-bah) |
Standard Lower Sorbian is one of the two literary Sorbian languages, the other being the more widely spoken standard[clarify] Upper Sorbian. The Lower Sorbian literary standard was developed in the 18th century, based on a southern form of the Cottbus dialect.[2] The standard variety of Lower Sorbian has received structural influence from Upper Sorbian.[2]
Lower Sorbian is spoken in and around the city of Cottbus in Brandenburg. Signs in this region are typically bilingual, and Cottbus has a Lower Sorbian Gymnasium where one language of instruction is Lower Sorbian. It is a heavily endangered language.[3] Most native speakers today belong to the older generations.
Phonology
The phonology of Lower Sorbian has been greatly influenced by contact with German, especially in Cottbus and larger towns. For example, German-influenced pronunciation tends to have a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] instead of the alveolar trill [r]. In villages and rural areas, German influence is less marked, and the pronunciation is more "typically Slavic".
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Postalveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | ||||
| Nasal | m | mʲ | n | nʲ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | k | ||||
| voiced | b | bʲ | d | ɡ | |||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | t͡ɕ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | ɕ | x | h | ||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ʑ | |||||
| Trill | r | rʲ | |||||||
| Approximant | w | wʲ | l | j | |||||
- /m, mʲ, p, pʲ, b, bʲ, w, wʲ/ are bilabial,[are /w, wʲ/ bilabial or labialized velar?] whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.[4]
- /n, nʲ, l, r, rʲ/ are alveolar [n, nʲ, l, r, rʲ], whereas /t, d, t͡s, s, z/ are dental [t̪, d̪, t̪͡s̪, s̪, z̪].[4]
- /t͡ʃ, ʃ, ʒ/ have been variously transcribed with ⟨t͡ʃ, ʃ, ʒ⟩[6][7] and ⟨t͡ʂ, ʂ, ʐ⟩.[8] Their actual phonetic realization is flat postalveolar [t͡ʃ˖, ʃ˖, ʒ˖][9] in all of the Lower Sorbian-speaking area. This is unlike in standard Upper Sorbian, where these are palato-alveolar [t͡ʃ, ʃ, ʒ].[10][11]
- /h/ is voiceless [h], unlike Upper Sorbian, where it is voiced [ɦ].[12][13]
Final devoicing and assimilation
Lower Sorbian has both final devoicing and regressive voicing assimilation:[14]
- dub /dub/ "oak" is pronounced [dup]
- susedka /ˈsusedka/ "(female) neighbor" is pronounced [ˈsusetka]
- licba /ˈlit͡sba/ "number" is pronounced [ˈlʲid͡zba]
The hard postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ is assimilated to [ɕ] before /t͡ɕ/:[15]
- šćit /ʃt͡ɕit/ "protection" is pronounced [ɕt͡ɕit]
Vowels
The vowel inventory of Lower Sorbian is exactly the same as that of Upper Sorbian.[16] It is also very similar to the vowel inventory of Slovene.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
- /i/ is retracted to [ɨ][is it really [ɨ]? It is [ɪ] in Upper Sorbian.] after hard consonants.
- /e, o/ are diphthongized to [i̯ɛ, u̯ɔ] in slow speech.[16]
- The /e–ɛ/ and /o–ɔ/ distinctions are weakened or lost in unstressed syllables.[17]
- /a/ is phonetically central [ä].[16]
Stress
Stress in Lower Sorbian normally falls on the first syllable of the word:[18]
- Łužyca [ˈwuʒɨt͡sa] "Lusatia"
- pśijaśel [ˈpɕijaɕɛl] "friend"
- Chóśebuz [ˈxɨɕɛbus] "Cottbus"
In loanwords, stress may fall on any of the last three syllables:[18]
- internat [intɛrˈnat] "boarding school"
- kontrola [kɔnˈtrɔla] "control"
- september [sɛpˈtɛmbɛr] "September"
- policija [pɔˈlʲit͡sija] "police"
- organizacija [ɔrɡanʲiˈzat͡sija] "organization"
Most one-syllable prepositions attract the stress to themselves when they precede a noun or pronoun of one or two syllables:[18]
- na dwórje [ˈna dwɨrʲɛ] "on the courtyard"
- pśi mnjo [ˈpɕi mnʲɔ] "near me"
- do města [ˈdɔ mʲɛsta] "into the city" (note that the [iɪ̯] of město [ˈmʲiɪ̯stɔ] becomes [ɛ] when unstressed)
However, nouns of three or more syllables retain their stress:
- pśed wucabnikom [pɕɛd ˈut͡sabnʲikɔm] "in front of the teacher"
- na drogowanju [na ˈdrɔɡowanʲu] "on a journey"
Orthography
The Sorbian alphabet is based on the Latin script but uses diacritics such as the acute accent and caron.
Sample
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lower Sorbian:
Wšykne luźe su lichotne roźone a jadnake po dostojnosći a pšawach. Woni maju rozym a wědobnosć a maju ze sobu w duchu bratšojstwa wobchadaś. (All people are born free and equal in their dignity and rights. They are given reason and conscience and they shall create their relationships to one another according to the spirit of brotherhood.)[19]
See also
References
- Lower Sorbian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Björn Rothstein, Rolf Thieroff (2010). Mood in the Languages of Europe. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 376–377. ISBN 9789027205872.
- Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2.
- Stone (2002), p. 605.
- Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181.
- Hannusch (1988).
- Stone (2002).
- Zygis (2003).
- This transcription follows Laver (1994:251–252). Other scholars may transcribe these sounds differently.
- Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41.
- Stone (2002), pp. 600, 605.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 43, 46.
- Hannusch (1998), p. 12.
- Hannusch (1998), p. 13.
- Stone (2002), p. 600.
- Stone (2002), pp. 606–607.
- Hannusch (1998), p. 14.
- Omniglot
Bibliography
- Hannusch, Erwin (1998), Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, ISBN 3-7420-1667-9
- Laver, John (1994), Principles of Phonetics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-45655-X
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjoserbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
- Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives" (PDF), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved 2015-04-21
External links
- Online course for Lower and Upper Sorbian (English, Sorbian, German)
- Dolnoserbski radio program (RealAudio) (in German and Lower Sorbian)
- Lower Sorbian Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
Dictionaries
Czech-Lower Sorbian and Lower Sorbian-Czech
- Slovník DolnoLužická Srbština <=> Čeština (in Czech and Lower Sorbian)
German–Lower Sorbian
- Deutsch-Niedersorbisches Wörterbuch at dolnoserbski.de (in German and Lower Sorbian)
- Korpus GENIE – GEsprochenes NIEdersorbisch/Wendisch (in German and Lower Sorbian)
Lower Sorbian–German
- Dolnoserbsko-nimske słowniki at dolnoserbski.de] (in German and Lower Sorbian)
- Lexikalische Übungen und Terminologie at the Universität Leipzig (in German and Lower Sorbian)
| Authority control: National libraries |
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На других языках
[de] Niedersorbische Sprache
Niedersorbisch (umgangssprachlich und teilweise als deutschsprachige Selbstbezeichnung auch Wendisch; veraltet Niederlausitzserbisch, niedersorbisch dolnoserbšćina) ist eine westslawische Sprache, die von den Niedersorben/Wenden in der Niederlausitz gesprochen wird. Sie ist, neben dem Obersorbischen, eine der beiden sorbischen Schriftsprachen. Die Sprache gilt mit derzeit etwa 7.000 Sprechern[1] als akut vom Aussterben bedrohte Sprache.- [en] Lower Sorbian language
[es] Idioma bajo sorabo
Bajo sorabo o bajo sorbio (autoglotónimo dolnoserbšćina) es un idioma minoritario, del grupo de las lenguas sorbias, hablado en Alemania en la provincia histórica de Alta Lusacia, que tenía la mayor parte de su territorio en lo que es el actual estado alemán de Sajonia. Pertenece a las lenguas eslavas de la familia lingüística indo-europea.[fr] Bas sorabe
Le bas sorabe (en bas sorabe : dolnoserbski ; en allemand : Niedersorbisch ; code IETF : dsb) est une langue slave parlée en Allemagne. Elle appartient, avec le haut sorabe, au groupe des langues sorabes.[it] Lingua soraba inferiore
La lingua soraba inferiore[1][2], chiamata anche basso sorabo,[3] serbo-lusaziano inferiore o lusaziano inferiore (dolnoserbski) è una lingua soraba parlata in Germania, nella regione della Lusazia, parte del Brandeburgo.[ru] Нижнелужицкий язык
Нижнелу́жицкий язы́к (также вендский; самоназвания: dolnoserbska rěc, dolnoserbšćina) — один из двух литературных языков лужичан, иначе лужицких сербов, распространённый в исторической области Нижняя Лужица в земле Бранденбург в Восточной Германии. Относится к лужицкой подгруппе западнославянских языков[3][4]. Число говорящих на нижнелужицком языке составляет 6860 человек (2007)[1].Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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