lingvo.wikisort.org - Language
Sümi, also Sema, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nagaland, India. It is spoken by the Sümi Naga people. It differs from every other Naga languages due to the presence of guttural sounds.[2][3]
| Sümi | |
|---|---|
| Sümi (Naga) | |
| Pronunciation | [sɨ˧ mi˩] |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Nagaland |
| Ethnicity | Sümi Naga |
Native speakers | 350,000 (2011 census)[1] |
Language family | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nsm |
| Glottolog | sumi1235 |
| ELP | Sumi Naga |
Geographical distribution
Sümi is spoken in central and southern Nagaland, mainly in Zünheboto District and parts of Niuland District, Dimapur District, Chümoukedima District, Kohima District, Mokokchung District and Kiphire District, as well as in 7 villages of Tinsukia District, Assam (Ethnologue).
Dialects
Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Sümi.
- Dayang (Western Sümi)
- Lazami
- Jimomi
- Zumomi
Phonology
The transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Vowels
The vowels of Sümi are as follows:[4][5]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Notes:
- The close front and the close central vowels have been variously described as near-close [i̞, ɨ̞] and close [i, ɨ]. The close back vowel has only been described as close [u].[6][7]
- The mid vowels /e, o/ can be realized as either close-mid [e, o] or open-mid [ɛ, ɔ].[4][9]
- Teo (2012) describes the close-mid allophone of /o/ as slightly advanced [o̟].[6]
- /a/ has been variously described as near-open [ɐ][6] and open [ä].[8]
- After uvular stops, /a/ can be realized as open back unrounded [ɑ].[8]
Consonants
The consonants of Sümi are as follows[5][10] (allophones that are represented in the orthographic system are given in parentheses):
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | plain | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| aspirated | mʱ | nʱ | ||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | q | |||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||||||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | (ts) | tʃ | |||||||
| aspirated | (tsʰ) | tʃʰ | ||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | (s) | ʃ | x | h | ||||
| voiced | v | (z) | ʒ | ɣ | ||||||
| Approximant | central | plain | (w) | ɹ | j | |||||
| lateral | l | |||||||||
| aspirated | lʱ | |||||||||
References
- "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- Sreedhar (1976).
- Sreedhar (1980).
- Teo (2012), p. 369.
- Teo (2014), p. 20.
- Teo (2012), p. 368.
- Teo (2014), pp. 27–28.
- Teo (2014), p. 28.
- Teo (2014), p. 27.
- Teo (2012), p. 366.
Bibliography
- Sreedhar, Mangadan Veetil (1976), Sema phonetic reader, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages
- Sreedhar, Mangadan Veetil (1980), A Sema Grammar, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages
- Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (3): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland, Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
| ||||
| East and Southeast Asia |
| ||||
| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
| ||||
| Proposed groupings |
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| Proto-languages |
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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На других языках
- [en] Sümi language
[fr] Sema (langue)
Le sema (ou sumi naga) est une langue tibéto-birmane parlée dans l'État du Nagaland, en Inde, par 104 000 Semas (en), qui résident essentiellement dans le district de Zunheboto.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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