lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageTangkhul (Tangkhul Naga) is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Tangkhulic branch. It is spoken in 168 villages of Ukhrul district, Manipur, India, with speakers scattered in Nagaland and Tripura as well.
Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India
Tangkhul |
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Tangkhul written in Meitei script |
Native to | India |
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Region | Manipur, Nagaland |
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Ethnicity | Tangkhul Naga |
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Native speakers | 670,000 including Khangoi (2019)[1] |
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Language family | |
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Dialects |
- Ukhrul
- Kupome (Luhupa)
- Phadang
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Writing system |
- Latin script
- Meitei script (to lesser extent)
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ISO 639-3 | nmf |
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Glottolog | tang1336 |
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ELP | Tangkhul Naga |
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Within Ukhrul district, Manipur, Tangkhul is spoken in the villages of Hundung, Shiroi, Langdang, Lamlang Gate, Litan, Yangangpokpi, and other locations (Arokianathan 1995).
Tangkhul is not close to other Naga languages. It is a dialect continuum, in which speakers from neighboring villages may be able to understand each other, but a dialect farther north or south will be less easily understood, if at all. The lingua franca is the Hunphun (Ukhrul) dialect. Languages in the northern villages of Chingjaroi, Razai, Jessami and Soraphung have languages under the Angami–Pochuri group of languages.
The language dialect spoken by the people of Hunphun (the traditional name of Ukhrul) became the most common dialect among the Tangkhuls because the British set up their administration in Ukhrul. The American Baptist missionary Rev. William Pettigrew translated the Bible into the Hunphun dialect.
Phonology
Consonants
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Bilabial |
Labio- dental |
Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
Plosive |
voiceless |
p |
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t |
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k |
ʔ |
aspirated |
pʰ |
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tʰ |
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kʰ |
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Affricate |
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tʃ |
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Fricative |
voiceless |
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f |
s |
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h |
nasalized |
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s̃ |
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voiced |
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z |
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Nasal |
m |
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n |
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ŋ |
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Rhotic |
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r |
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Lateral |
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l |
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Approximant |
w |
ʋ |
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j |
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- Stop sounds /p t tʃ k/ may have voiced allophones [b d dʒ ɡ] in free variation.
- /m/ may be heard as [ɱ] when preceding /f/ or /ʋ/.
- /r/ can be heard as [r] or [ɾ] in free variation.
Vowels
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Front |
Central |
Back |
Close |
i |
ɨ |
u |
Mid |
e |
ə |
o |
Open |
a |
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- /i e a u/ can have allophone sounds of [ɪ ɛ ɐ ɯ] in free variation.[2]
References
- Tangkhul at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Ahum, Victor (1997). Tangkhul-Naga grammar: a study of word formation. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University.
Sino-Tibetan branches |
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Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
- West Himalayish
- Tamangic
- Newaric
- Kiranti
- Dhimalish
- Lepcha
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Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |
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Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border | "Naga" |
- Ao
- Angami–Pochuri
- Meitei
- Tangkhulic
- Zeme
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Sal |
- Boro–Garo
- Konyak
- Jingpho–Luish
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East and Southeast Asia | Burmo-Qiangic |
- Qiangic
- Ersuic
- Naic
- Lolo-Burmese
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Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
- Hrusish
- Kho-Bwa
- Miju–Meyor
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Proposed groupings |
- Central Tibeto-Burman
- Kuki-Chin–Naga
- Greater Bai
- Mahakiranti
- Rung
- Tibeto-Burman
- Tibeto-Kanauri
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Proto-languages |
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman
- Proto-Loloish
- Proto-Karenic
- Proto-Min
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. |
Kuki-Chin–Naga languages |
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Kuki-Chin | Southern Naga (Northwestern) | |
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Northern | |
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Central | |
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Maraic | |
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Khomic | |
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Southern | |
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Naga | Ao (Central Naga) | |
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Angami–Pochuri | |
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Tangkhulic | |
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Zemeic (Western Naga) | |
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Meitei | |
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Karbic | |
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Languages of Myanmar |
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Official language | |
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Semiofficial language | |
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Indigenous languages (by state or region) | Chin | Kuki-Chin | Northern | |
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Central | |
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Maraic | |
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Southern | |
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Other | |
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Kachin | |
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Kayah | |
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Kayin | |
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Magway | |
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Mon | |
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Rakhine | |
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Sagaing | |
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Shan | Austroasiatic | |
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Sino-Tibetan | |
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Kra–Dai | |
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Hmong–Mien | |
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Tanintharyi | |
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Non-Indigenous | Immigrant language | |
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Working language | |
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Sign languages | |
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Arunachal Pradesh | |
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Assam | Indo-Aryan | |
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Sino-Tibetan | Kuki-Chin | |
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Sal | |
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Tani | |
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Zeme | |
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Other | |
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Kra-Dai | |
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Manipur | |
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Meghalaya | |
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Mizoram | |
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Nagaland | Sino- Tibetan | Angami- Pochuri | |
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Ao | |
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Sal | |
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Zeme | |
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Other | |
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Other | |
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Sikkim | |
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Tripura | |
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На других языках
- [en] Tangkhul language
[fr] Tangkhul naga
Le tangkhul naga est une langue tibéto-birmane parlée dans l'État du Manipur, en Inde, par 125 000 Tangkhuls dans le district d'Ukhrul. La langue est aussi parlée dans les États de Tripura et du Nagaland.
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