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Tiv is a Tivoid language spoken in some states in North Central Nigeria, with some speakers in Cameroon. It had over 5 million speakers in 2020. The largest population of Tiv speakers are found in Benue state in Nigeria. The language is also widely spoken in the Nigerian states of Plateau, Taraba, Nasarawa and Cross River as well as the FCT Abuja. It is by far the largest of the Tivoid languages, a group of languages belonging to the Southern Bantoid languages

Tiv
Tiv
RegionCentral Nigeria
EthnicityTiv people
Native speakers
5 million (2020)[1]
Language family
Niger–Congo?
  • Atlantic–Congo
    • Volta-Congo
      • Benue–Congo
        • Bantoid
          • Southern Bantoid
            • Tivoid
              • Central Tivoid(A)
                • Tiv
Language codes
ISO 639-2tiv
ISO 639-3tiv
Glottologtivv1240

Dialects


Tiv has no dialects. Tiv speakers can understand each other across their territory. However, accents (ham) exist.[2]


Phonology



Vowels


Short vowels
Front Back
Close i u
Mid e ɔ
Open a ɒ
Long vowels
Front Central Back
Near-close ɪː ʊː
Mid
Open-mid ɜː ɔː
Open

Consonants


Bilabial Labio-
dental
Alveolar Palato-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
plain lab. pal.
Stop voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ ɡʷ ɡʲ
prenasal ᵐb ⁿd
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ k͡p
voiced (d͡z) d͡ʒ ɡ͡b
prenasal ⁿd͡z
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ (x) h
voiced v z ɣ
Nasal m (ɱ) n ɲ ŋ
Trill r
Approximant w l j

Tone


Tiv has three main tones (five if rising and falling are counted as separate tones instead of composites of existing tones). They are most importantly used in inflection.[2]


Accents


The accents of Tiv are as follows:

Vocabulary, particularly plant and tool names, changes from one part of Tiv territory to the other.[2]


History and classification


[4] The first reference to the Tiv language (dzwa Tiv) was made by Koelle (1854) from liberated slaves from Sierra Leone. Johnston (1919) classified it as a peculiar language among the Semi-Bantu languages, and Talbot (1926) concurred. Abraham (1933), who has made the most complete linguistic study of Tiv, classifies it as Bantu, stating that its vocabulary is more similar to the East African Nyanza group of Bantu languages than to Ekoi or other neighbouring languages. Malherbe (1933) agrees with Abraham that Tiv is essentially Bantu.[2]

All material on Tiv seems to point to a recent expansion, perhaps in the early 15th century.[5]


Morphology


Tiv has nine noun classes.[2]


See also



References


  1. "Tiv". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  2. Bohannan, Laura; Bohannan, Paul (2017-02-03). "Language". The Tiv of Central Nigeria: Western Africa. Routledge. ISBN 9781315295794.
  3. Sokpo, Rosaline M. (2016). An Autosegmental Analysis of Tiv Phonology.
  4. Bohannan, Laura; Bohannan, Paul (3 February 2017). The Tiv of Central Nigeria: Western Africa Part VIII. ISBN 9781315295794.
  5. Blench, Roger (June 2016). "The Tivoid languages: overview and comparative wordlist" (PDF). p. 16.



Religious materials



На других языках


[de] Tiv (Sprache)

Die Tiv-Sprache wird (einschließlich Zweitsprachler) von über 6 Millionen Menschen gesprochen, überwiegend in Nigeria und vereinzelt auch in Kamerun.
- [en] Tiv language

[es] Idioma tiv

Tiv es un grupo etno-lingüístico o nación étnica de África Occidental. Los tiv constituyen aproximadamente el 2,5% de la población total de Nigeria, más de 6 millones de individuos entre Nigeria y Camerún.[1] Las tierras tradicionales de Tiv están en los estados nigerianos de Benue, Taraba, Adamawa y Nasarawa en Nigeria Oriental.

[fr] Tiv (langue)

Le tiv est une langue tivoïde parlée au Nigeria et au Cameroun par plus de 2 millions de personnes, les Tiv, en particulier dans le sud-est du Nigeria.

[it] Lingua tiv

La lingua tiv è una lingua bantoide dell'Africa subsahariana; viene parlato da circa 2,2 milioni di persone (dati del 1991) stanziate nella parte orientale della Nigeria, presso il confine con il Camerun (stato di Benue);[2] alcuni locutori risiedono invece in Camerun.[1]

[ru] Тив

Тив — один из бантоидных языков группы тив (тивоидной). Входит в число десяти наиболее распространённых языков Нигерии (официальный язык штата Бенуэ), язык тив охватывает территорию от среднего течения реки Бенуэ до приграничных с Камеруном районов к юго-востоку. Число говорящих свыше 2,2 млн чел. (1991)[1].Включает две группы диалектов. К первой относятся: балегете и бату. Ко второй: або, бечеве, битаре;



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