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Cremonese (Cremunés) is a dialect of the Western Lombard language group spoken in the city and province of Cremona in Lombardy, Italy, with the exception of Crema and the area of Soresina, where an Eastern Lombard dialect is spoken,[1] and the area of Casalmaggiore, where a form of Emilian-Romagnol[2] closely related to Parmigiano[citation needed] is spoken.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2022) |
| Cremonese | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Italy |
Native speakers | 30,000[citation needed] |
Language family | Indo-European
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Being at the crossroad between the core areas of different Lombard varieties, it shows some elements of both Western Lombard and Eastern Lombard, and a few which are typical of dialects spoken in the nearby region of Emilia-Romagna. It is best classified as belonging to the Southwestern Lombard group of dialects.
L01 - Western Lombard;
L02 - Eastern Lombard;
L03 - Southern Lombard, including Cremonese;
L04 - Alpine Lombard
Phonology
Vowels
The Cremonese dialect of the Lombard language has 9 vowel qualities, which can be either phonemically long or short, without any difference in quality.
The following 18 phonemes all occur in stressed environments: /i/ /iː/ /y/ /yː/ /e/ /eː/ /ø/ /øː/ /ɛ/ /ɛː/ /a/ /aː/ /ɔ/ /ɔː/ /o/ /oː/ /u/ /uː/.
Vowel length is contrastive in stressed syllables, for example /'veːder/ glass with a long /eː/ differs from /'veder/ to see, with a short /e/.[3] This is a reflex of the Proto-Romance rule of lengthening open syllables, which in Cremonese, has led to phonemic vowel length also being contrastive in penultimate-stressed words, as well as in monosyllabic words.[4]
In unstressed position, only the following 6 vowels occur: /i/ /e/ /ø/ /ɛ/ /a/ /u/.[citation needed]
Orthography
The publication of the Dizionario del dialetto cremonese in 1976 by the Comitato promotore di studi e ricerche di dialettologia, storia e folklore cremonese outlined an orthography for Cremonese.
- a as in Italian (andàa: to go, Italian: andare)
- è for open /ɛ/ (pulèer: Italian: pollaio)
- é for closed /e/ (fradél: Italian: fratello)
- i as in Italian (finìi: Italian: finire)
- ò for open /ɔ/ (bòon: Italian: buono)
- ó for closed /o/ (fióol: Italian: ragazzo)
- u as in Italian (pùl: Italian: pollo)
- ö as in French "eu" and German "ö" (nisöön: Italian: nessuno)
- ü as in French "u" and German "ü" (paüüra: Italian: paura)
Vowel length is represented by doubling the vowel letter, with the acute or grave diacritic removed for the second <e> and <o> letters. The umlaut diacritic however is retained across both letters, thus <öö> for /øː/ and <üü> for /yː/.
References
- Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia lombarda : lingue e culture popolari. Pavia: Aurora. p. 8. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- Poletto, Cecilia (2000). The higher functional field : evidence from northern Italian dialects. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780195350876. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- Iosad, Pavel (30 November 2016). "Rule scattering and vowel length in Northern Romance" (PDF). Papers in Historical Phonology. 1: 218. doi:10.2218/pihph.1.2016.1700. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- Delucchi, Rachele (2013). "Vowel Harmony and Vowel Reduction: The Case of Swiss Italian Dialects". Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 37 (37).
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На других языках
- [en] Cremunés dialect
[it] Dialetto cremonese
Il cremonese (cremones) è un dialetto appartenente al gruppo gallo-italico, parlato in alcuni comuni dell'area centrale della provincia di Cremona. La sua classificazione è controversa poiché alcuni lo reputano un dialetto emiliano mentre altri lo reputano lombardo: infatti, come altre parlate della zona quali il piacentino, il mantovano e il pavese-vogherese, ha caratteristiche proprie di entrambe le lingue, sebbene questi tre ultimi dialetti siano classificati con certezza come appartenenti alla lingua emiliana. È probabile che il cremonese sia una varietà transitoria tra le due lingue; è da notare che comunque il dialetto cremonese obiettivamente presenta inflessioni emiliane molto tenui rispetto, ad esempio, al già citato mantovano (classificato infatti tra i dialetti emiliani). Nel suo Saggio sui dialetti gallo italici del 1853 Bernardino Biondelli lo classificava come varietà dialettale appartenente al gruppo orientale della lingua lombarda, specificando tuttavia una netta distinzione dal bergamasco che porterebbe a considerarlo come un'ibridazione tra le parlate emiliane, lombardo orientali e lombardo occidentali più che un dialetto originale. Esistono due varianti di dialetto cremonese: il dialetto cittadino (detto piaton) e il dialetto del contado (detto arioso o rustico).[ru] Кремонский диалект ломбардского языка
Кремонский диалект западноломбардского языка — диалект западноломбардского языка, употребляемый в Кремоне, Ломбардия, Италия (за исключением Кремы и области Соресины, где распространён восточноломбардский язык и области Касламаджоре, где употребляется эмилиано-романьольское наречие). Кремонский диалект подвергся сильному влиянию эмилиано-романьольского наречия, но не является его диалектом. Если его рассматривать как диалект западноломбардского языка, не в последнюю очередь из-за его распространения в Ломбардии, а не в Эмилии-Романье, то он будет относиться к юго-западным наречиям ломбардского языка.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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