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Niçard (Classical orthography), nissart/Niçart (Mistralian orthography, IPA: [niˈsaʀt]), niçois (/niːˈswɑː/ nee-SWAH, French: [niswa]), or nizzardo (Italian: [nitˈtsardo]) is the dialect that was historically spoken in the city of Nice, in France, and in all the area of the historical County of Nice. The affiliation of Niçard is debated: it is generally considered a subdialect of Provençal, itself a dialect of Occitan,[1][2] while some scholars argue that the historical dialect spoken in Nice was more strictly Ligurian.[3][4][5]

Niçard
niçard/nissart/niçart
Pronunciation	[niˈsaʀt]
Native to	France, Monaco
Region	County of Nice, Monaco
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Western Gallo-Romance Occitano-Romance Occitan Provençal Niçard
Writing system	Latin
Official status
Regulated by	Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (classic orthography) / Félibrige (Mistralian orthography)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	nica1249
Linguasphere	51-AAA-gd
IETF	oc-nicard

Most residents of Nice and its region no longer speak Niçard, and the very few^[quantify] who do are fully bilingual in French as Nissard has lost its function of a vehicular language since decades.^{[according to whom?]} Nonetheless, today there is a developing revival of the use of the language. Some local television news is presented in Niçard (with French subtitles) and street signs in the old town of Nice are written in the dialect as well as in French. The Niçard song Nissa La Bella is often regarded as the "anthem" of Nice.

Writing system

Niçard is written using two forms:

• Classical orthography. Preferring the native traditions of the language, this form was developed by Robert Lafont (Phonétique et graphie du provençal, 1951; L'ortografia occitana, lo provençau,'1972) and Jean-Pierre Baquié (Empari lo niçard, 1984). It is regulated by the Conselh de la Lenga Occitana.
• Mistralian orthography. Closer to written French, it was invented by the Félibrige (although there also exists an Acadèmia Nissarda).

An Italian orthography was abandoned when Nice joined the French Empire in 1861. It was briefly reinstated in 1942 and 1943 when Italy occupied and administered the city.

Orthography Comparison (from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
English	Classical	Mistralian
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.	Toti li personas naisson liuri e egali en dignitat e en drech. Son dotadi de rason e de consciéncia e li cau agir entre eli emb un esperit de frairesa.	Touti li persouna naisson lib(e)ri e egali en dignità e en drech. Soun doutadi de rasoun e de counsciència e li cau agì entre eli em' un esperit de fratelança.

Example of Nissart and similarity with Italian, according to Barberis:^{[citation needed]}

• Dintre lou mieu sprit, es mai que Agamennon, (Italian: Dentro lo mio spirito, è maggiore che Agamennone)
• Coura dì sì, es si; coura di non, es non. (Italian: Quando dir sì, è sì; quando dir no, è no)

Occitan and Ligurian influences

Regional differences are recognized in Standard Occitan. Some have claimed that Niçard has kept some of the oldest forms of Occitan, other dialects (such as Provençal) having been more "Frenchified" by their history (namely, regarding proparoxytone words).

Giuseppe Garibaldi, born in Nice in 1807 from Italian immigrants who had settled there, claimed that "Nizzardo" was an Italian dialect with some influences from Occitan and French, and for this reason promoted the union of Nice to the Kingdom of Italy. Before the annexation of the county of Nice to France in 1860, all the historical texts and archives of the city were written either in the Ligurian language, or in Italian.[6] The entire population of Nice before the 1960s had Italian surnames.[7] The Niçard Vespers were three days of popular uprising of the inhabitants of Nice in 1871, promoted by Giuseppe Garibaldi in favor of the union of the county of Nice with the Kingdom of Italy.[8]

However, most experts in Romance linguistics see Niçard as a variety of Occitan. Statements saying that Niçard is a Ligurian or Italian dialect[9] are not supported by these experts (see especially Dalbera 1984).[10]

See also

• Félibrige
• Italian irredentism in Nice
• Ligurian language
• Monégasque language
• Nissa La Bella

References

Sources

• Andrews James Bruyn (1875) Essai de grammaire du dialecte mentonnais avec quelques contes, chansons et musique du pays, Nice: no name [re-ed. 1978, 1981, Menton: Société d’Art et d’Histoire du Mentonnais]
• Andrews James Bruyn (1877) Vocabulaire français-mentonnais, Nice: no name [re-ed. 1977, Marseilles: Lafitte Reprints]
• Baquié Joan-Pèire (1987) (collab. Andrieu SAISSI) Empari lo niçard / Apreni lo provençau, Nice: CRDP Nice / CDDP Alpes Maritimes
• Barberis Francesco. Nizza italiana: raccolta di varie poesie italiane e nizzarde, corredate di note. Editore Tip. Sborgi e Guarnieri (Nizza, 1871). University of California, 2007
• Bec Pierre (1970–71) (collab. Octave NANDRIS, Žarko MULJAČIĆ), Manuel pratique de philologie romane, Paris: Picard, 2 vol.
• Blaquièra J. (1985) Dictionnaire français-nissart, langue d'oc, dialecte niçois, self-edited
• Calvino Jean-Baptiste (1905) Nouveau dictionnaire niçois-français, Nice: Imprimerie des Alpes Maritimes [re-ed. 1993 with the following title: Dictionnaire niçois-français, français-niçois, Nîmes: Lacour]
• Carles (Père) Pietro (1866) Piccolo vocabolario nizzardo-italiano, Nice
• Carles (Père) Pietro (1868) Piccolo vocabolario italiano-nizzardo, Nice
• Castellana Georges (1947) Dictionnaire niçois-français [re-ed. 2001, Nice: Serre]
• CastellanaGeorges (1952) Dictionnaire français-niçois [re-ed. 2001, Nice: Serre]
• Cerquiglini Bernard (2003) (dir.) Les langues de France, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France / Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication-DGLFLF: 125-136]
• Cerquiglini Bernard (2000) Histoire de la langue française 1945-2000. Co-edited with Gérald Antoine. Paris: CNRS Editions, 2000.
• Clapié Jaume, & BAQUIÉ Joan Pèire (2003) Pichin lèxico ilustrat, petit lexique illustré, niçard-françés, français-niçois, Nice: Serre
• Compan André (1965) Grammaire niçoise [re-ed. 1981, Nice: Serre]
• Compan André (1971) Anthologie de la littérature niçoise, coll. Biblioutèco d’istòri literàri e de critico, Toulon: L’Astrado
• Dalbera Jean-Philippe (1984) Les parlers des Alpes Maritimes: étude comparative, essai de reconstruction [PhD thesis], Toulouse: Université de Toulouse 2 [ed. 1994, London: Association Internationale d’Études Occitanes]
• Dalbera Jean-Philippe (2003) “Les îlots liguriens de France” [CERQUIGLINI Bernard (2003) (dir.) Les langues de France, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France / Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication-DGLFLF: 125-136]
• Escola de Bellanda (2002) Diciounari nissart-francés, Nice: Fédération des Associations du Comté de Nice / Serre
• Eynaudi Jules, & Cappati Louis (1931–1938) Dictionnaire de la langue niçoise, Niça: sn.
• Forner Werner A propos du ligur intemelien - La cote, l'arrier-pays Traveaux du cercle linguistique de Nice 1996
• Forner Werner La dialettologia ligure. Problemi e prospettive in La dialettologia italiana oggi in G. Holtus, Tübingen 1985-1990
• Gasiglia Rémy (1984) Grammaire du nissart, sl.: Institut d’Études Niçoises
• Gauberti Pierre (1994) Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la langue de Peille [Pays Niçois], Nice: Serre
• Gioffredo Pietro Storia dele Alpi marittime libri XXIV, in HPM 1839, Torino (originally published in 1662)
• Giordan Joseph (1968) Dictionnaire français-niçois: lexique complémentaire du parler de la ville de Nice et des pays environnants, sl.: sn.
• Gourdon Marie-Louise (1997) Contribution à l’histoire de la langue occitane. Étude des systèmes graphiques pour écrire l’occitan (niçois, provençal, languedocien) de 1881 à 1919: itinéraires et travaux de A.L. Sardou, J.B. Calvino, L. Funel, A. Perbosc, P. Estieu [PdD thesis], Nice
• Liautaud René (1985) Essai de lexique français-entraunois avec correspondences en niçois, Nice: CRDP
• Miceu Giausep (1840) Grammatica nissarda: per emparà en pòou de temp lo patouas dòou paìs, Nice: Imprimarìa de la Sossietà tipografica [re-ed. Marie-Louise GOURDON (1975) La Grammatica nissarda de Joseph Micèu: biographie, étude sur les dialectes, commentaires philologiques, Nice: imprimerie Pierotti]
• Pellegrini (Abbé) (1894) Lexique niçois-français, Nice: no name
• Petracco Siccardi, Giulia L'amfizona Liguria Provenza Alessandria 1989
• Petracco Siccardi, Giulia e Caprini, Rita Toponomastica storica della Liguria, Genova, SAGEP, 1981
• Petracco Siccardi, Giulia Ligurien Lexicon der Romanistischen Linguistik II, 2, Tübingen, 1995
• Sardou Antoine Léandre, & Calvino Jean-Baptiste (1881) Grammaire de l’idiome niçois, Nice: Visconti [re-ed. 1978, Marseilles: Laffitte Reprints]
• Scaliero Giuseppe (1830) Vocabolario nizzardo, Nice: no name
• Toscano Reinat (1998) Gramàtica niçarda, no place: Princi Néguer
• Vignoli Giulio (2000) Gli Italiani Dimenticati. Minoranze Italiane In Europa. Milano: Editore Giuffrè ISBN 978-88-14-08145-3

На других языках

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- [en] Niçard dialect

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[es] Dialecto nizardo

El dialecto nizardo es una variedad del occitano hablada en la región histórica del Condado de Niza (que más o menos coincide con el actual Distrito de Niza, ubicado en el departamento francés de los Alpes Marítimos); a excepción de las zonas lingüísticas del mentonasco y del royasco, que constituyen hablas de transición hacia el ligur y el piamontés.

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[fr] Niçois

Le niçois (en occitan : niçard (norme classique et norme mistralienne), nissart (usage populaire) /ni'saʀt/) est l'expression locale de la langue occitane (appelée autrefois provençale avant 1930)[1],[2] dans la ville de Nice et des communes environnantes et aussi avec l'influence de la langue ligure.

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[it] Dialetto nizzardo

Il nizzardo (in nizzardo niçard o nissart; in italiano nizzardo; in francese niçois o nissart) è il dialetto storicamente parlato nella città di Nizza e nel Paese nizzardo, oggi compreso nel dipartimento francese delle Alpi Marittime.

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