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The Finno-Permic (Fenno-Permic) or Finno-Permian (Fenno-Permian), or sometimes just Finnic (Fennic), are a proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprises the Balto-Finnic languages, Sami languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages and likely a number of extinct languages. In the traditional taxonomy of the Uralic languages, Finno-Permic is estimated to have split from Finno-Ugric around 3000–2500 BC, and branched into Permic languages and Finno-Volgaic languages around 2000 BC.[1] Nowadays the validity of the group as a taxonomical entity is being questioned, and the interrelationships of its five branches are debated with little consensus.[2][3]

Finno-Permic
Finnic
(proposed)
Geographic
distribution		Northern Fennoscandia, Baltic states, Southwestern, Southeastern, and Ural region of Russia
Native speakers
Finnic peoples
Linguistic classificationUralic
Subdivisions
GlottologNone
The Finno-Permic languages

The term Finnic languages has often been used to designate all the Finno-Permic languages, with the term Balto-Finnic used to disambiguate the Finnic languages proper.[4][1] In Finnish and Estonian scholarly usage, Finnic most often refers to the Baltic-Finnic languages alone.[5]


Subclassification


The subclassification of the Finno-Permic languages varies among scholars. During the 20th century, most classifications treated Permic vs Finno-Volgaic as the primary division. In the 21st century, Salminen rejected Finno-Permic and Finno-Volgaic entirely.[6] Other classifications treat the five branches of Finno-Permic as follows.

Janhunen (2009)[7] Häkkinen (2007)[8] Lehtinen (2007)[9] Michalove (2002)[10] Kulonen (2002)[11]
  • Permic
  • Finno-Volgaic
    • Mari
    • Finno-Samic
      • Sami
      • Finno-Mordvin
        • Mordvin
        • Balto-Finnic & Para-Finnic
  • Mari-Permic
    • Mari
    • Permic
  • Finno-Mordvin
    • Finnic
    • Sami
    • Mordvin
  • Permic
  • Finno-Volgaic
    • Mari
    • Mordvin
    • Finno-Samic
      • Sami
      • Balto-Finnic
  • Permic
  • Mari
  • Sami
  • Mordvin
  • Balto-Finnic
  • Permic
  • Mari
  • Mordvin
  • Finno-Samic
    • Sami
    • Balto-Finnic

See also



References


  1. Taagepera, Rein (1999). The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-415-91977-0.
  2. Salminen, Tapani (2002). "Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies".
  3. Aikio, Ante (2019). "Proto-Uralic". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–4.
  4. "Finno-Ugric languages". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013.
  5. See "The Finnic languages" by Johanna Laakso in The Circum-Baltic languages: typology and contact, p. 180.
  6. Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Christopher Moseley (ed.). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. London: Routlegde. pp. 211–280.
  7. Janhunen, Juha (2009). "Proto-Uralic—what, where and when?" (PDF). In Jussi Ylikoski (ed.). The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258. Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne. ISBN 978-952-5667-11-0. ISSN 0355-0230.
  8. Jaakko, Häkkinen (2007). Kantauralin murteutuminen vokaalivastaavuuksien valossa (Master's thesis) (in Finnish). Helsingfors universitet. hdl:10138/19684. urn:nbn:fi-fe20071746.
  9. Lehtinen, Tapani (2007). Kielen vuosituhannet. Tietolipas. Vol. 215. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISBN 978-951-746-896-1.
  10. Michalove, Peter A. (2002) The Classification of the Uralic Languages: Lexical Evidence from Finno-Ugric. In: Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen, vol. 57
  11. Kulonen, Ulla-Maija (2002). "Kielitiede ja suomen väestön juuret". In Grünthal, Riho (ed.). Ennen, muinoin. Miten menneisyyttämme tutkitaan. Tietolipas. Vol. 180. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. pp. 104–108. ISBN 978-951-746-332-4.

Further reading



На других языках

- [en] Finno-Permic languages

[es] Lenguas fino-pérmicas

Las lenguas fino-pérmicas son un grupo tradicional, pero en disputa, de las lenguas urálicas que comprende las lenguas fino-bálticas, lenguas sami, lenguas mordvínicas, idioma mari, lenguas pérmicas, y es probable que un número de idiomas extintos. En la taxonomía tradicional de las lenguas urálicas, las fino-pérmicas se estima que se han separado de la lenguas ugrofinesas alrededor del 3000-2500 a. C., y ramificado en lenguas pérmicas y lenguas fino-volgaicas alrededor del año 2000 a. C.[1] Hoy en día la validez del grupo como entidad taxonómica se cuestiona.[2]

[fr] Langues finno-permiennes

Les langues finno-permiennes sont une subdivision hypothétique des langues ouraliennes, qui regrouperait les langues fenniques, les langues sames, les langues mordves, le mari, les langues permiennes ainsi que d'autres langues éteintes. Au sein du groupe des langues finno-ougriennes, elles se seraient séparées au IIIe millénaire av. J.-C. des langues ougriennes, et se seraient elles-mêmes divisées en langues permiennes et finno-volgaïques au IIe millénaire av. J.-C. environ.

[it] Lingue finnopermiche

Le lingue finnopermiche sono un gruppo linguistico che assieme alle lingue ugriche costituisce il gruppo delle lingue ugrofinniche della famiglia linguistica uralica.

[ru] Финно-пермские языки

Финно-пе́рмские языки́ — одна из двух ветвей финно-угорских языков. Другой ветвью являются угорские языки. Языки распространены на территории России, Финляндии, Эстонии, Норвегии и Швеции.


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