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The Komi language (Komi: Коми кыв, Komi kyv), also known as Zyryan, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan (Komi: Коми-зырян кыв, Komi-zyrjan kyv),[2] is one of the two regional varieties of the pluricentric Komi language, the other regional variety being Permyak.

Komi language
Коми кыв Komi kyv
Native to	Russia
Region	Komi Republic, Nenetsia, Permyakia, Yamalia, Yugra, elsewhere in Russia
Native speakers	160,000 (2010 census)[1]
Language family	Uralic Finno-Ugric Permic Komi language
Writing system	Cyrillic, Old Permic Script (Formerly)
Official status
Official language in	Russia Komi Republic
Language codes
ISO 639-1	kv
ISO 639-3	kpv
Glottolog	komi1268
Komi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Komi is natively spoken by the Komi peoples native to the Komi Republic and other parts of Russia such as Nenetsia and Yamalia. There were 285,000 speakers in 1994, which decreased to 160,000 in 2010. Komi has a standardized form.

It was written in the Old Permic alphabet (Komi: 𐍐𐍝𐍑𐍣𐍒‎, Анбур, Anbur) for liturgical purposes in the 14th century. The Cyrillic script was introduced by Russia missionaries in the 17th century, replacing the Old Permic script. A tradition of secular works of literature in the modern form of the language dates back to the 19th century.

Dialects

Komi has ten dialects: Prisyktyvkarsky, Lower Vychegdan, Central Vychegdan, Luzsko-letsky, Upper Sysolan, Upper Vychegdan, Pechoran, Izhemsky, Vymsky, and Udorsky. Prisyktyvkarsky is spoken in the region of Syktyvkar and forms the model for the generic standard dialect of the language. Dialects are divided based primarily on their use of /v/ and /l/:[3]

• Older */l/ remains unchanged in upper Vychegdan and Pechoran dialects (also in most dialects of Komi-Permyak).
• In Central dialects, /*l/ changed to /v/ syllable-finally; for instance, in literary Komi */kɨl/ → /kɨv/ "tongue".
• In Northern dialects, changes of /l/ continued with complete vocalization of syllable-final /l/, resulting in long vowels.

The start of the change date to the 17th century. It is not seen in the oldest Komi texts from the 14th century, nor in loanwords from Komi to Khanty, dated to the 16th; though it fully occurred before Russian loanwords that entered the language in the 18th century as /l/ remains unchanged in these.

Some dialects are further distinguished based on the palatalized alveolars /dʲ tʲ/, which have unpacked in syllable-final position as clusters /jd jt/.[3]

Writing system

The Old Permic script is the first writing system for Komi. It was invented in the 14th century by the missionary Stepan Khrap. The alphabet resembled medieval Greek and Cyrillic. The script was also known as Anbur (Komi: 𐍐𐍝𐍑𐍣𐍒‎, Анбур), named for the first 2 letters of the script, “an” & “bur” (𐍐 & 𐍑, respectively). It is no longer in use today, though it has received Unicode Support as “Old Permic” in recent times.[4] The script saw use in Komi-inhabited areas, primarily the Principality of Great Perm and parts of Bjarmaland.

In the 16th century, this alphabet was replaced by the Russian alphabet with certain modifications for affricates. In the 1920s the language was written in the Molodtsov alphabet, which also derived from Cyrillic. In the 1930s, during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union, Komi was briefly written with a version of the Latin script. Since the 1940s it uses the Russian-based Cyrillic alphabet with additional letters І, і and Ӧ, ӧ.

Komi alphabet (Коми анбур)[5]

Anbur	Cyrillic	Cyrillic (Molodtsov)	Latin	IPA	Letter name	Notes
𐍐‎	А а		A a	[a]	а
𐍑‎	Б б		B b	[b]	бе
𐍮‎	В в		V v	[v]	ве
𐍒‎	Г г		G g	[g]	ге
𐍓‎	Д д	Ԁ ԁ Ԃ ԃ	D d Ď ď	[d] [ɟ] before е, ё, и, ю, я	дэ
𐍖‎	Дж дж	Җ җ	Dž dž	[dʒ]	дже
𐍘‎	Дз дз	Ԇ ԇ	Dź dź	[dʑ]	дзе
-	Е е		Je je E e	[e] [je] word-initially and after vowels [e] after palatalized coronals	е
-	Ё ё		Jo jo	[jo] word-initially and after vowels [o] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ]	ё
𐍕‎	Ж ж		Ž ž	[ʒ]	же
𐍗‎	З з	З з Ԅ ԅ	Z z Ź ź	[z] [ʑ] before е, ё, и, ю, я	зэ
𐍙‎	И и	-	I i	[i] word-initially and after vowels [i] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ]	небыд и ("soft i")
𐍙‎	І і		I i	[i] after т, д, с, з, н, л	чорыд и ("hard i")	Non-palatalized form of и.
𐍙‎	Й й	Ј ј	J j	[j]	дженьыд и
𐍚‎	К к		K k	[k]	ка
𐍛‎	Л л	Л л Ԉ ԉ	L l Ľ ľ	[ɫ] [ʎ] before е, ё, и, ю, я	эл
𐍜‎	М м		M m	[m]	эм
𐍝‎	Н н	Н н Ԋ ԋ	N n Ń ń	[n] [ɲ] before е, ё, и, ю, я	эн
𐍞‎𐍩‎	О о -		O o -	[o] [ɔ]	о "open o"	Open "o" is absent in the modern Komi language.
-	Ӧ ӧ		Ö ö	[ɘ]	ӧ
𐍟‎	П п		P p	[p]	пе
𐍠‎	Р р		R r	[r]	эр
𐍡‎	С с	С с Ԍ ԍ	S s Ś ś	[s] [ɕ] before е, ё, и, ю, я	эс
𐍢‎	Т т	Т т Ԏ ԏ	T t Ť ť	[t] [c] before е, ё, и, ю, я	тэ
𐍤‎	Тш тш	Щ щ	Č č	[tʃ]	тше
𐍣‎	У у		U u	[u]	у
𐍫‎	Ф ф		F f	[f]	эф	In loanwords.
𐍬‎	Х х		H h	[x]	ха	In loanwords.
𐍭‎	Ц ц		C c	[ts]	це	In loanwords.
-	Ч ч		Ć ć	[tɕ]	че
𐍥‎	Ш ш		Š š	[ʃ]	ша
𐍦‎	Щ щ	-	Šč šč	[ʃtʃ~ʃː]	ща	In loanwords.
𐍯‎	Ъ ъ	-	-	-	чорыд пас ("hard sign")	Same usage in Russian.
𐍨‎	Ы ы		Y y	[ɨ~ɯ~ɤ]	ы
𐍰‎	Ь ь	-	-	[ʲ]	небыд пас ("soft sign")	Same usage in Russian.
- 𐍔‎	Э э -		E e -	[e] [ɛ]	э "open e"	Non-palatalized form of "е". Open "e" is absent in the modern Komi language.
𐍳‎	Ю ю		Ju ju	[ju] [u] after т, д, с, з, н, л	ю
𐍴, 𐍵‎	Я я		Ja ja	[ja] [a] after т, д, с, з, н, л	я

Letters particular to the Molodtsov alphabet include ԁ, ԃ, ԅ, ԇ, ԉ, ԋ, ԍ, ԏ, most of which represent palatalized consonants.

The Molodtsov alphabet

А а

Б б

В в

Г г

Ԁ ԁ

Ԃ ԃ

Е е

Ж ж

Җ җ

З з

Ԅ ԅ

Ԇ ԇ

І і

Ј ј

К к

Л л

Ԉ ԉ

М м

Н н

Ԋ ԋ

О о

Ӧ ӧ

П п

Р р

С с

Ԍ ԍ

Т т

Ԏ ԏ

У у

Ф ф

Х х

Ц ц

Ч ч

Ш ш

Щ щ

Ы ы

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Zyrian

		Labial	Dental	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n		ɲ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		c	k
	voiced	b	d		ɟ	ɡ
Affricate	voiceless			t͡ʃ	tɕ
	voiced			d͡ʒ	dʑ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ʃ	ɕ
	voiced	v	z	ʒ	ʑ
Trill			r
Approximant	lateral		l		ʎ
	central				j

Vowels

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open		a

Grammar

Komi has 17 cases, with a rich inventory of locative cases. Like other Uralic languages, Komi has no gender. Verbs agree with subjects in person and number (sg/pl). Negation is expressed with an auxiliary verb, which is inflected for person, number and tense.

Komi is an agglutinative language and adheres to a subject–object–verb order.[6]

Sample text

The following sample text displays the Anbur, Cyrillic (modern) and Latin lyrical text from the Komi-Zyryan folk song “Kačaśinjas” (Daisies).

The first verse of the song and the refrain, as written in the Anbur Script:

𐍚𐍩𐍠𐍚𐍩 𐍣𐍗𐍛𐍐𐍝𐍝𐍯𐍓 𐍩𐍝, 𐍚𐍐𐍤𐍐𐍥𐍙𐍝𐍙𐍐𐍡, 𐍜𐍯𐍙𐍛𐍐 𐍮𐍩𐍥𐍡𐍐𐍩𐍥 𐍟𐍯𐍠 𐍢𐍙𐍙𐍐𐍝 𐍥𐍙𐍝𐍙𐍐𐍡; 𐍜𐍔𐍝𐍩 𐍟𐍯𐍠 𐍡𐍩𐍜𐍯𐍝 𐍢𐍙 𐍓𐍙𐍝𐍩 𐍝𐍣𐍩 𐍛𐍯𐍓𐍢𐍩𐍜 𐍘𐍩𐍠𐍙𐍘𐍩𐍝 𐍢𐍯𐍠 𐍚𐍩𐍜𐍙 𐍜𐍣𐍩 𐍚𐍐𐍤𐍐𐍥𐍙𐍝𐍙𐍐𐍡, 𐍚𐍐𐍤𐍐𐍥𐍙𐍝𐍙𐍐𐍡, 𐍜𐍯𐍙𐍛𐍐 𐍮𐍩𐍥𐍡𐍐𐍩𐍥 𐍟𐍯𐍠 𐍢𐍙𐍙𐍐𐍝 𐍥𐍙𐍝𐍙𐍐𐍡;‎

The second verse and refrain, as written in the Zyryan Cyrillic Alphabet:

Эмöсь лунвылын мичаджык муяс, Сэнi кывтöны визувджык юяс. Сöмын мыйлакö пыр медся матыс Эзысь лысваöн дзирдалысь асыв. Катшасинъяс, Катшасинъяс, Мыйла восьсаöсь пыр тiян синъяс?

The third and final verse and refrain, as written in the modern Latin Alphabet:

Una śylankyv tatyś mi kyvlim, Kodös śiöny raďejtan nyvly. Lovja dźoridźyś myj burys śurö Syly puktyny kudria jurö. Kačaśinjas, Kačaśinjas, Myjla vośsaöś pyr tijan śinjas?

Notes

Bibliography

• Bartens, Raija (2000). Permiläisten kielten rakenne ja kehitys (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. ISBN 952-5150-55-0.
• Abondolo, Daniel (2015). The Uralic Languages. Routledge
• R. M. Batalova. 1993. Komi(-Zyryanskij) Jazyk. In V. N. Jartseva (ed.), Jazyki Mira: Ural'skie Jazyki, 214–229. Moskva: Nauka.
• Fed'un'ova, G.V. Önija komi kyv ('The Modern Komi Language'). Morfologia/Das’töma filologijasa kandidat G.V.Fed'un'ova kipod ulyn. Syktyvkar: Komi n’ebög ledzanin, 2000. 544 pp. ISBN 5-7555-0689-2.

External links

• Media related to Komi language at Wikimedia Commons

• Books in Komi-Zyrian from Finno-Ugric Electronic Library (by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic (interface in Russian and English, texts in Mari, Komi, Udmurt, Erzya and Moksha languages))
• Komi–Russian & Russian–Komi Online Dictionaries
• Tarabukin I.I. Komi–Russian Phraseological Dictionary.
• Komi Grammar. (in Russian)
• Komi-language courses

На других языках

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[de] Komi (Sprache)

Die Komi-Sprachen (коми кыв, komi kyv) gehören zur permischen Gruppe der uralischen Sprachfamilie. Seit den 1920er Jahren entwickelten sich zwei Schriftsprachen: Komi-Syrjänisch und Komi-Permjakisch. Sie werden von den Völkern der Komi gesprochen, die in der Russischen Föderation leben. Aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht wird häufig von einer Sprache mit zwei schriftsprachlichen Varianten gesprochen.

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- [en] Komi language

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[es] Idioma komi

Las lenguas komi (en ruso antiguo permj), junto con el udmurto, conforman el grupo pérmico de la familia urálica de lenguas. Este artículo se ocupará fundamentalmente del komi-ziriano que constituye la base de la lengua escrita.

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[fr] Komi (langue)

Le komi (коми кыв komi kyv ou коми komi) est une langue parlée en Russie par le peuple des Komis. Elle forme avec l'oudmourte la branche permienne de la famille des langues ouraliennes.

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[it] Lingua komi

La lingua komi o sirieno[1] (nome nativo Коми кыв, Komi kyv) è una lingua uralica parlata in Russia che prende il nome dal gruppo etnico dei Komi.

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[ru] Коми язык

Ко́ми язы́к или ко́ми-зыря́нский язы́к (коми коми кыв, коми кыл, коми кыы) — язык народа коми. Распространён в Республике Коми и Пермском крае, частично на северо-востоке Кировской области, на Кольском полуострове, в Ненецком, Ямало-Ненецком и Ханты-Мансийском авт. округах РФ. Число говорящих 156 099 чел. (2010, перепись). Небольшие группы носителей представлены также на Украине (4 тыс.) и в Казахстане (1,5 тыс.).

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