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Ume Sámi (ubmejesámiengiälla, Norwegian: umesamisk, Swedish: umesamiska) is a Sámi language spoken in Sweden and formerly in Norway. It is a moribund language with only about 10-20 native speakers left. It was spoken mainly along the Ume River in the south of present-day Arjeplog, in Sorsele and in Arvidsjaur.[2][3]

Ume Sámi
ubmejesámiengiälla
Native toNorway, Sweden
Native speakers
20 (2000)[1]
Language family
Uralic
Writing system
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3sju
Glottologumes1235
ELPUme Saami
Ume Sámi is 2 on this map.
Ume Saami is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Dialects


The best-known variety of Ume Sami is that of one Lars Sjulsson (born 1871) from Setsele, close to Malå, whose idiolect was documented by W. Schlachter in a 1958 dictionary and subsequent work.[4] Dialect variation exists within the Ume Sami area, however. A main division is between more (north)western dialects such as those of Maskaure, Tärna and Ullisjaure (typically agreeing with Southern Sami), versus more (south)eastern dialects such as those of Malå, Malmesjaure and Mausjaure (typically agreeing with Pite Sami).[5]

FeatureWestern Ume SamiEastern Ume SamiNotes
original *ðː/rː//ðː/
accusative singular ending-p-wfrom Proto-Samic *-m
word for 'eagle'(h)àrʰčəàrtnəs

Phonology



Consonants


Labial Dental/
Alveolar
Post-
alveolar
Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive p t k
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Fricative voiceless v s ʃ h
voiced ð
Trill r
Approximant l j

/f, ʋ/ and /θ/ are allophones of /v/ and /ð/, respectively. When a /h/ sound occurs before a plosive or an affricate sound, they are then realized as preaspirated sounds. If an /l/ sound occurs before a /j/ sound, it is realized as a palatal lateral /ʎ/ sound. Some western dialects of the language lack the /ð/ phoneme.


Vowels


Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i y ʉ ʉː u
Mid e o
Open a

Four diphthongs are included; /ie/, /yʉ/, /ʉi/, /uo/. A schwa sound /ə/ may exist as an allophone of various vowel sounds.[6]


Writing system


Until 2010, Ume Sámi did not have an official written standard, although it was the first Sámi language to be written extensively (because a private christian school for Sámi children started in Lycksele 1632, where Ume Sámi was spoken). The New Testament was published in Ume Sámi in 1755 and the first Bible in Sámi was also published in Ume Sámi, in 1811.

The current official orthography is maintained by the Working Group for Ume Sámi, whose most recent recommendation was published in 2016.

Letter Phoneme(s)
A a /ʌ/
Á á /ɑː/
B b /p/
D d /t/
Đ đ /ð/
E e /e/, /eː/
F f /f/
G g /k/
H h /h/
I i /i/
Ï ï /ɨ/
J j /j/
K k /hk/, /k/
L l /l/
M m /m/
N n /n/
Ŋ ŋ /ŋ/
O o /o/ (only in diphthongs)
P p /hp/, /p/
R r /r/
S s /s/
T t /ht/, /t/
Ŧ ŧ /θ/
U u /u/, /uː/
Ü ü /ʉ/, /ʉː/
V v /v/
Y y /y/
Å å /o/, /ɔː/
Ä ä /ɛː/
Ö ö /œ/ (only in diphthongs)

Shortcomings:


Grammar



Consonant gradation


Unlike its southern neighbor Southern Sámi, Ume Sámi has consonant gradation. However, gradation is more limited than it is in the more northern Sami languages, because it does not occur in the case of short vowels followed by a consonant that can gradate to quantity 1 (that is, Proto-Samic single consonants or geminates). In these cases, only quantity 3 appears. Consonant clusters can gradate regardless of the preceding vowel.


Cases


Ume Sámi has 8 cases:[7]

Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Illative
Inessive
Elative
Comitative
Essive


Pronouns



Verbs



Persons and numbers

The verbs in Ume Sámi have three persons, first, second and third. There are three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural.


Mood

Ume Sámi has two grammatical moods: indicative and imperative


Tense


Negative verb

Ume Sámi, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages, and Estonian, has a negative verb. In Ume Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to mood (indicative and imperative), person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural).


Example


TranscriptionSwedish translationEnglish translation
Båtsuoj-bieŋjuv galggá báddie-gietjiesna álggiet lieratit. De tjuavrrá jiehtja viegadit ráddiesta ráddáje jah nav ájaj livva-sijiesna, guh jiehtják súhph. Die galggá daina báddie-bieŋjijne viegadit bijrra ieluon, nav júhtie biegŋja galggá vuöjdniet gúktie almatjh gelggh dahkat. Lierruo-biegŋja daggár bälij vánatallá ieluon bijrra ja ij akttak bijgŋuolissa luöjtieh. Die måddie bálliena daggár biegŋja, juhka ij leäh ållást lieratuvvama, die butsijda válldá ja dulvada. De daggár bälij tjuavrrá suv báddáje válldiet jah slåvvat.

Renhunden ska man börja lära i koppel. Då måste man själv springa från den ena kanten till den andra (av renhjorden) och så också på (renarnas) viloplats, medan de andra äter. Då ska man med den där bandhunden springa runt hjorden, så att hunden ser, hur folket gör. Lärohunden springer en sådan gång runt hjorden och låter ingen undslippa. Så finns det ofta sådana hundar, som inte har lärt sig helt, som tar någon ren och jagar iväg den. Då måste man en sådan gång sätta band på den och slå den.

A reindeer herding dog must begin its training with a leash. Then one has to run from one side [of the herd] to the other and also on the area where they [the reindeer] rest, while others are eating. One must run around the herd with the dog [to be trained] on a leash, so that the dog sees how people do it. The trained dog then runs around the herd and does not allow any to slip away. Then there are often dogs that are not fully trained [and] who single out a reindeer and drive it away [i.e. to kill it]. Then one must put a leash on that [dog] and strike it.


See also



References


  1. Ume Sámi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Korhonen, Olavi (2005). "Ume Saami language". The Saami: a cultural encyclopaedia. Helsinki. pp. 421–422. ISBN 9789517465069.
  3. Pekka Sammallahti, The Saami languages: an introduction, Kárášjohka, 1998
  4. Schlachter, Wolfgang (1958). Wörterbuch des Waldlappendialekts von Malå und Texte zur Ethnographie. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  5. Larsson, Lars-Gunnar (2010). "Ume Saami language variation". Congressus XI Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum. Piliscsaba 2010. Pars I. Orationes plenares. Piliscsaba. pp. 193–224.
  6. von Gertten, Daniel (2015). Huvuddrag i umesamisk grammatik. University of Oslo.
  7. Korhonen Olavi & Barruk Henrik, 2010, Kurs i umesamiska (2010‑02‑07)



На других языках


[de] Umesamische Sprache

Umesamisch (andere Schreibweisen: Umesaamisch oder Umesámisch; Eigenbezeichnung: ubmejesámien giälla) ist eine samische Sprache und gehört zur finno-ugrischen Sprachfamilie. Die Anzahl der Sprecher ist äußerst gering (Ethnologue nennt 20 Sprecher,[1] Såhkie – Umeå sameförening unter 100[2]) und beruht hauptsächlich, aber nicht ausschließlich, auf einigen älteren Sprechern.[3] Die umesamische Orthographie wurde 2016 anerkannt.
- [en] Ume Sámi

[fr] Same d'Ume

Le same d’Ume est une langue same parlée par une vingtaine de personnes en Suède et en Norvège. Il s’agit d’une langue en danger.

[it] Lingua sami di Ume

La lingua sami di Ume è una lingua sami parlata in Svezia.

[ru] Уме-саамский язык

У́ме-саа́мский язы́к — саамский язык, ранее распространённый в Швеции и Норвегии. Является вымирающим языком — осталось только 10 носителей языка, проживающих в муниципалитетах Арьеплуг и Арвидсъяур шведского лена Норрботтен.



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