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Enets is a Samoyedic language of Northern Siberia spoken on the Lower Yenisei within the boundaries of the Taimyr Municipality District, a subdivision of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia Federation. The language is moribund with only around 10 fluent speakers left;[3] the overall number of potential speakers is less than 40 individuals. All speakers are found in the generation of 50 years and older. Recent local statistics indicate that there are around 230 individuals of ethnic Enets origin. Enets belongs to the Northern branch of the Samoyedic languages, in turn a branch of the Uralic language family.[4]

Enets
Онэй база (Onei baza)[1]
Native toRussia
RegionKrasnoyarsk Krai, along the lower Yenisei River
Ethnicity260 Enets people (2010 census)
Native speakers
43 (2010 census)[2]
Language family
Uralic
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
enf  Forest Enets
enh  Tundra Enets
Glottologenet1250
ELP
Forest Enets is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Dialects


There are two distinct dialects, Forest Enets (Bai) and Tundra Enets (Madu or Somatu), which may be considered separate languages.

Forest Enets is the smaller of the two Enets dialects. In the winter of 2006/2007, approximately 35 people spoke it (6 in Dudinka, 20 in Potapova and 10 in Tukhard, the youngest of whom was born in 1962 and the oldest in 1945). Many of these speakers are trilingual, with competence in Forest Enets, Tundra Nenets and Russian, preferring to speak Tundra Nenets.

The two dialects differ both in phonology and in lexicon. Additional variation was found in early Enets records from the 17th to 19th centuries, though all these varieties can be assigned as either Tundra Enets or Forest Enets.[5]

Phonological differences:

Lexical differences:


Orthography


Enets is written using the Cyrillic alphabet, though it includes the letters ԑ, ӈ, and ҫ which are not used in the Russian alphabet.

А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ё ё Ԑ ԑ
Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н
Ӈ ӈ О о П п Р р С с Ҫ ҫ Т т У у
Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ҍ ъ Ы ы
Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я

The written form of the Enets language was created during the 1980s and has been used to produce a number of books. During the 1990s there was an Enets newspaper, Советский Таймыр (Soviet Taimyr) published and brief Enets broadcasts on local radio, which shut down in 2003,[7] served as supplements for speakers.[8]


Phonology



Phoneme Inventory


The following phonemes are combined from all of the different dialects of the Enets languages;


Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ɨ u
Mid e, ɛ ə o, ɔ
Low ɑ

Consonants

Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
plainpal. plainpal. plainpal.
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop/
Affricate
voiceless p t t͡ʃ t͡ʃʲ k ʔ
voiced b d g
Fricative plain ð x h
sibilant s ʃ ʃʲ
Trill r
Approximant w l j
  1. There is partial or complete vowel reduction in the middle and at the end of a word
  2. Consonants preceding i and e become palatalized[9]

Uralist transcription



Vowels

Front Central Back
unrounded unrounded unrounded rounded
High i u
Mid e ȯ
Low ɑ o

Vowel length is indicated by a macron, e.g. ē [eː].


Consonants

bilabial dental palatal velar laryngeal
plosives p, b t, d t', d' k, g ʔ
affricates č č'
fricatives s, š, δ ś, š' h
nasals m n ń ŋ
laterals l
trills r
glides w j

Stress


The type of stress in Enets is quantitative. Stressed vowels are pronounced relatively longer than unstressed vowels. Based on the available data, the stress is not (as a rule) used as a feature for distinguishing the meaning. The stress in a word usually falls on the first vowel. The primary stress usually falls on the first syllable and is accompanied by a secondary stress, which falls on the third and the fifth syllable. Sometimes the stress distinguishes the meaning, e.g. in mo·di ('I') vs. modi· ('shoulder'). (The primary stress is marked by ·).[6]


Morphology


The parts of speech in Enets are: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, postpositions, conjunctions, interjections and connective particles.[6]

The grammatical number is expressed by means of the opposition of the singular, dual and plural forms. There are three declensions, the main (non-possessive), possessive and desiderative declensions, and seven cases in Enets: the nominative, genitive, accusative, lative, locative, ablative and prolative case. The meaning of those cases is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns, adjectives, pronouns and substantivized verbs. In their fixed forms they also belong to adverbs and postpositions. The possession is expressed by means of the genitive case or possessive suffixes.[6]

Local orientation is based on the three-member distribution: the suffixes of local cases of nouns, adverbs and postpositions are divided among the lative (to where?), locative (where?) and ablative (from where?). The prolative case (along what? or through what?) expresses an additional fourth local characteristic.

The verbal negation is expressed by the combination of the main verb with a preceding auxiliary negative verb. The auxiliary verb is conjugated according to general rules, but the main verb is in a special inconjugated negative form. There are also some verbs of absence - non-possessiveness. Six moods are contrasted in the Enets language: indicative, conjunctive, imperative, optative, quotative and interrogative. There are three tenses: aorist, preterite and future. [6]

The category of person with nouns is expressed by means of possessive suffixes, differing in all three numbers of all three persons and used in nouns, pronouns, substantivized verbs, adverbs and postpositions. The category of person with verbs is expressed by means of particular personal suffixes of the verb, differing in all three numbers of all three persons.

There are three conjugations in Enets: subjective, objective and reflexive. These conjugations differ from each other by personal suffixes. Additionally, the objective conjugation uses numerical suffixes, referring to all three numbers of the object. In the case of the reflexive conjugation, the person of the subject and object is the same and a separate suffix indicates reflexivity.[6]


Nouns


Depending on the final sounds of the word stem, nouns can be divided into two groups:

  1. nouns with a final sound other than a laryngal plosive stop, e.g. d'uda 'horse'
  2. nouns with a final laryngal plosive stop, e.g. tauʔ 'Nganasan'

Either group uses variants of suffixes with a different initial sound (e.g. Loc d'uda-han, tau-kon).

There are seven cases in Enets: the nominative, genitive, accusative, lative, locative, ablative and prolative case. The case suffixes are combined with numeral markers, often in a fairly complex manner.[6]

Singular Plural
Nominative -
Genitive
Accusative -
Lative -d/-t -hi̮δ/-gi̮δ/-ki̮δ
Locative -hVn/-gon/-kon -hi̮n/-gi̮n/-ki̮n
Ablative -hVδ/-gi̮δ/-ki̮δ -hi̮t/-gi̮t/-ki̮t
Prolative -on/-mon -i̮n/-on

The dual case forms are produced on the basis of an uninflected dual form with the suffix -hi̮ʔ/-gi̮ʔ/-ki̮ʔ by adding the respective singular case endings of some postpositions (mainly nə-) in local cases.[6]


Adjectives


There are a number of adjectives that have no specific suffixes, e.g. utik 'bad', sojδa 'good', lodo 'low' and piδe 'high'.

Alongside of these there are various suffixal adjectives, e.g. buse̮-saj ne̮ 'a married woman', bite-δa 'waterless', uδa-šiδa 'handless', mȯga-he 'belonging to the forest', same-raha 'wolf-like', narδe-de̮ 'red', polδe-de̮ 'black'.

An adjective does not agree with the following main word either in number or case, e.g. agga koja 'big sterlet', agga koja-hone (locative), agga koja-hi̮t (plural ablative). As an exception , we can refer to the use of the adjective instead of an elliptical noun and as a predicate in the nominal conjugation.

With the aim of strengthening a possessive connection, sometimes a respective possessive suffix may be added to the main word of an attribute, e.g. keδerʔ koba-δa ŋul'ʔ mujuʔ 'the wild reindeer skin is very strong' ("its-skin of-the-wild-reindeer...").

The comparative degree is formed by means of an adjective in the positive degree (in the nominative form) with the word to be compared in the ablative form.[6]


Numerals



Cardinals

1. ŋōʔ

2. siδe

3. nehuʔ

4. teto

5. sobboreggo

6. mottuʔ

7. seʔo

8. sidiʔeto

9. nēsā

10. biwʔ

11. ŋoʔbodade

12. side bodade

13. nehuʔ bodade

14. teto bodade

20. sidiuʔ

21. sidiuʔ ŋōʔ

30. nehibiʔ

40. tetujʔ

50. sobboreggujʔ

60. motujʔ

70. seʔujʔ

80. siδetujʔ

90. nēsauʔ

100. juʔ[6]


Ordinals

1. orδede̮

2. ne̮kujde̮

3. ne̮hode̮

4. tetode̮

5. sobode̮

6. motode̮

7. se̮ʔode̮

8. siδetode̮

9. ne̮satode̮

10. biwde̮

100. d'urde̮[6]


Other numerals

Collective numerals are formed combining a separate word namely a form e̮š of the auxiliary verb 'to be' with cardinal numerals, e.g. siδe e̮š 'we two, the two of us'.

Distributive numerals are postpositional constructions of cardinals, combined with the postposition loδ, e.g. siδeʔ loδ 'by (in) twos'.

Iteratives are the plural forms of cardinals, e.g. ŋobuʔ 'one time, once'.

Fractional numerals are cardinals that are combined with the word boʔ 'a half', e.g. nehuʔ boʔ 'one-third'.

Temporal numerals are formed from cardinals by means of the suffix -ʔ, e.g. orδede̮ʔ 'the first time'.[6]


Pronouns



Personal Pronouns

Two-member constructions are used are used in declining personal pronouns. The second member of these constructions is either an independent word stem si- or a postpositional stem no-. The first member may be lacking.[6]

CaseSingularDualPlural
Nominativemodi, mod' 'I'modiniʔ 'we two'modinaʔ 'we'
Genitivemod' sińmodińʔ siδińʔmodinaʔ siδnaʔ
Accusativemod' siʔmodińʔ siδińʔmodinaʔ siδnaʔ
Lativemod' nońmodińʔ nońʔmodinaʔ nonaʔ
Locativemod' none̮ńmodińʔ none̮ńʔmodinaʔ nonnaʔ
Ablativemod' noδońmodińʔ noδońʔmodinaʔ noδnaʔ
Prolativemod' noone̮ńmodińʔ noone̮ńʔmodinaʔ noone̮naʔ
CaseSingularDualPlural
Nominativeū 'you'ūdiʔ 'you two'ūdaʔ 'you'
Genitiveū sitūdiʔ siδtiʔūdaʔ siδtaʔ
Accusativeū sitūdiʔ siδδiʔūdaʔ siδδaʔ
Lativeū nodūdiʔ nodiʔūdaʔ nodaʔ
Locativeū none̮dūdiʔ nondiʔūdaʔ nondaʔ
Ablativeū noδodūdiʔ noδdiʔūdaʔ noδdaʔ
Prolativeū noone̮dūdiʔ noone̮diʔūdaʔ noone̮daʔ
CaseSingularDualPlural
Nominativebu 'he/she'budiʔ 'they two'buduʔ 'they'
Genitivebu sitabudiʔ sitiʔbuduʔ siδtuʔ
Accusativebu sitabudiʔ siδδiʔbuduʔ siδδuʔ
Lativebu nodabudiʔ nodiʔbuduʔ noduʔ
Locativebu nondabudiʔ nondiʔbuduʔ nonduʔ
Ablativebu noδdabudiʔ noδdiʔbuduʔ noδduʔ
Prolativebu noone̮dabudiʔ noone̮diʔbuduʔ noone̮duʔ

Other Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are pairs of words whose first component consists of personal pronouns, the second is a separate word stem ker-, combined with their respective possessive suffixes, e.g. mod' keriń 'I myself', ū kerit 'you yourself', bu kerta 'she herself/he himself' or modiń keriń 'we two ourselves'.

Interrogative pronouns are kurse̮ 'which?', sēa 'who?' (used only for humans) and obu 'what?' (used for animals and lifeless objects).

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns by adding the suffix -hȯru, e.g. obuhȯru.[6]


Verbs


The verbs in Enets can be distributed into two groups in principally the same manner as the noun depending on the final sounds of the word stem. Either group uses the variants of suffixes with different initial sounds.

Seven moods are contrasted: indicative, conjunctive, imperative, optative, quotative and interrogative. There are three tenses: aorist, preterite and future. (These tenses exist practically only in the indicative mood.) The verb has three conjugations: subjective, objective and reflexive. These conjugations differ from each other by personal suffixes. In addition to this the objective conjugation uses numerical suffixes, referring to all three numbers of the object. In the case of reflexive conjugation a separate suffix indicates reflexivity.[6]


Finite forms

The aorist is either unmarked or with the marker -ŋV-/-V-. The temporal meaning of the aorist depends on the aspect of the verb. A prolonged or recurrent action should be understood as taking place in the present, a short-time or single action as having taken place in the past, whereas the influence of the latter is still felt in the present. A distinctly past action is expressed by the preterite with the marker -ś/-š/-d'/-t'/-č, whereas the marker is placed after personal suffixes. The future action is expressed by the future marker -d-/-dV-/-t-/-tV- before personal suffixes.

The objective conjugation uses one type of personal suffixes when the object is in the singular and another type of them with the object in the dual or the plural. In the case of the dual object the dual marker -hu-/-gu-/-ku- precedes the dual personal suffixes of the second type, whereas in the case of the plural object, the rise of the stem vowel can be observed. The marker of the reflexive mood is -i-, which is standing before personal suffixes.[6]


Syntax


The syntax of Enets is typical for the family and the area. The Enets language follows Subject-object-verb, head marking in the noun phrase, both head and dependent marking within the clause, non-finite verbal forms used for clause combining. Consequently, the finite verb form (the predicate) is always at the end of a sentence. The negative auxiliary verb immediately precedes the main verb. The object of a sentence always keeps to the word it belongs to.[6]


Grammar


Enets nouns vary for number, case, and person-number of the possessor. There is also an intriguing nominal case in which ‘destinativity’ determines the entity is destined for someone. Possessor markers are also used for discourse related purposes, where they are completely devoid of the literal possessive meaning. Enets postpositions are marked for person-number; many postpositions are formed from a small set of relational nouns and case morphology.[10]


Literature



References


  1. Сорокина, И. П.; Болина, Д. С. (2001). Словарь энецко-русский и русско-энецкий [Enets-Russian and Russian-Enets dictionary]. Санкт-Петербург: Филиал издательства «Просвещение». p. 310. ISBN 5-09-002526-6.
  2. "Population of the Russian Federation by Languages (in Russian)" (PDF). gks.ru. Russian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  3. "Enets, Forest _ Ethnologue - Forest Enets.pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  4. Siegl, F. (2013). Materials on Forest Enets, an indigenous language of Northern Siberia. Tartu. doi:978-9949-19-673-9, http://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/17439?locale-attribute=en
  5. Helimskij, Eugen (1985). "Die Feststellung der dialektalen Zugehörigkeit der encischen Materialen". Dialectologia Uralica: Materialien des ersten Internationalen Symposions zur Dialektologie der uralischen Sprachen 4.-7. September 1984 in Hamburg. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica. ISBN 3-447-02535-2.
  6. Künnap, Ago (1999). Enets.
  7. Siegl, Florian (2017-04-24). "The fate of Forest Enets – a short comm ent".
  8. "Enets language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com.
  9. "Enf/Phonology - ProAlKi". proalki.uni-leipzig.de.
  10. Leipzig, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. "Former Dept. of Linguistics | Documentation of Enets". www.eva.mpg.de.



На других языках


[de] Enzische Sprache

Die enzische Sprache (in Eigenbezeichnung Enets) ist eine der samojedischen Sprachen. Diese bilden gemeinsam mit den finno-ugrischen Sprachen die uralische Sprachfamilie. Es gehört wie Nenzisch und Nganasanisch zur Gruppe der nordsamojedischen Sprachen. Es gibt zwei Varianten des Enzischen, die manchmal als eigene Sprachen gewertet werden: Wald-Enzisch (auch Bai) und Tundra-Enzisch (auch Maddu).
- [en] Enets language

[fr] Énètse

L'énètse est une langue samoyède du Nord de même que le nénètse et le nganassan, parlée par 40 personnes du peuple énètse (recensement de 2010). Elle descend comme toutes les langues samoyèdes du proto-samoyède (en) dont elle a commencé à se séparer dans la seconde moitié du premier millénaire, et se divise en deux dialectes qui peuvent être considérés comme des langues séparées : l'énètse de la toundra ou maddu et l'énètse des forêts ou baj (en 1995, le premier comptait 30 locuteurs, le second 40), qui diffèrent assez profondément au niveau du vocabulaire. L'énètse est parlé le long du fleuve Ienisseï, en aval de Dudinka, notamment dans la réserve de Potapovo pour l'énètse des forêts et dans celle de Vorontzovo pour l'énètse de la toundra. Le lexique a été influencé par le nganassan (vocabulaire de la chasse) et par le nénètse (vocabulaire de l'élevage de rennes), ainsi que par d'autres langues, dans une moindre mesure. La langue est de type agglutinant et grammaticalement très proche de ses « sœurs » (énètse, nénètse, et nganassan ont d'ailleurs la même étymologie).

[it] Lingua enets

La lingua enets,[1][2] chiamata anche samoiedo dello Enisej,[1][3] è una lingua samoieda parlata in Russia dal popolo degli Enets o Enci, che vivono nella Siberia occidentale.

[ru] Энецкий язык

Э́нецкий язы́к — язык энцев; один из самодийских языков уральской языковой семьи, распространённый на правобережье нижнего течения Енисея в Таймырском районе. Число говорящих на энецком языке — 43 чел. (2010 г.). В 2002 году таких было 119 чел.



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