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Saterland Frisian, also known as Sater Frisian, Saterfrisian or Saterlandic (Seeltersk), is the last living dialect of the East Frisian language. It is closely related to the other Frisian languages: North Frisian, spoken in Germany as well, and West Frisian, spoken in the Dutch province of Friesland.

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Saterland Frisian
Seeltersk
Native to	Germany
Region	Saterland
Ethnicity	Saterland Frisians
Native speakers	2,000 (2015)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglo-Frisian Frisian East Frisian Saterland Frisian
Writing system	Latin
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Germany
Regulated by	Seelter Buund in Saterland/Seelterlound (unofficial)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	stq
Glottolog	sate1242
ELP	Saterfriesisch
Linguasphere	52-ACA-ca[2]
Present-day distribution of the Frisian languages in Europe:   West Frisian   North Frisian   Saterland Frisian
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Speakers

Today, estimates of the number of speakers vary slightly. Saterland Frisian is spoken by about 2,250 people, out of a total population in Saterland of some 10,000; an estimated 2,000 people speak the language well, slightly fewer than half of those being native speakers.[3] The great majority of native speakers belong to the older generation; Saterland Frisian is thus a seriously endangered language. It might, however, no longer be moribund, as several reports suggest that the number of speakers is rising among the younger generation, some of whom raise their children in Saterlandic.

Dialects

There are three fully mutually intelligible dialects, corresponding to the three main villages of the municipality of Saterland: Ramsloh (Saterlandic: Roomelse), Scharrel (Schäddel), and Strücklingen (Strukelje). The Ramsloh dialect now somewhat enjoys a status as a standard language, since a grammar and a word list were based on it.

Status

The German government has not committed significant resources to the preservation of Sater Frisian. Most of the work to secure the endurance of this language is therefore done by the Seelter Buund ("Saterlandic Alliance"). Along with North Frisian and five other languages, Sater Frisian was included in Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by Germany in 1998. Since about 1800, Sater Frisian has attracted the interest of a growing number of linguists. Media coverage sometimes argues that this linguistic interest, particularly the work of Marron Curtis Fort helped preserve the language and revive interest among speakers in transmitting it to the next generation.[4] During the last century, a small literature developed in it. Also the New Testament of the Bible was translated into Sater Frisian by Fort who was himself a Christian.[5]

Phonology

The phonology of Saterland Frisian is regarded as very conservative linguistically, as the entire East Frisian language group was conservative with regards to Old Frisian.[6] The following tables are based on studies by Marron C. Fort.[7]

Vowels

Monophthongs

The consonant /r/ is often realised as a vowel [ɐ̯ ~ ɐ] in the syllable coda depending on its syllable structure.

Short vowels:

Grapheme	Phoneme	Example
a	/a/	fat (fat)
ä	/ɛ/	Sät (a while)
e	/ə/	ze (they)
i	/ɪ/	Lid (limb)
o	/ɔ/	Dot (toddler)
ö	/œ/	bölkje (to shout)
u	/ʊ/	Buk (book)
ü	/ʏ/	Djüpte (depth)

Semi-long vowels:

Grapheme	Phoneme	Example
ie	/iˑ/	Piene (pain)
uu	/uˑ/	kuut (short)

Long vowels:

Grapheme	Phoneme	Example
aa	/aː/	Paad (path)
ää	/ɛː/	tään (thin)
ee	/eː/	Dee (dough)
íe	/iː/	Wíek (week)
oa	/ɔː/	doalje (to calm)
oo	/oː/	Roop (rope)
öö	/øː/	röögje (rain)
öä	/œː/	Göäte (gutter)
üü	/yː/	Düwel (devil)
úu	/uː/	Múus (mouse)

Diphthongs

Grapheme	Phoneme	Example
ai	/aːi/	Bail (bail)
au	/aːu/	Dau (dew)
ääu	/ɛːu/	sääuwen (self)
äi	/ɛɪ/	wäit (wet)
äu	/ɛu/	häuw (hit, thrust)
eeu	/eːu/	skeeuw (skew)
ieu	/iˑu/	Grieuw (advantage)
íeu	/iːu/	íeuwen (even, plain)
iu	/ɪu/	Kiuwe (chin)
oai	/ɔːɪ/	toai (tough)
oi	/ɔy/	floitje (to pipe)
ooi	/oːɪ/	swooije (to swing)
ou	/oːu/	Bloud (blood)
öi	/œːi/	Böije (gust of wind)
uui	/uːɪ/	truuije (to threaten)
üüi	/yːi/	Sküüi (gravy)

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t	k
	voiced	b	d	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	x	h
	voiced	v	z	ɣ
Nasal		m	n	ŋ
Trill			r
Approximant		(w)	l	j

Today, voiced plosives in the syllable coda are usually terminally devoiced. Older speakers and a few others may use voiced codas.

Plosives

Grapheme	Phoneme	Example	Notes
p	/p/	Pik (pitch)
t	/t/	Toom (bridle)
k	/k/	koold (cold)
b	/b/	Babe (father)	Occasionally voiced in syllable coda
d	/d/	Dai (day)	May be voiced in syllable coda by older speakers
g	/ɡ/	Gäize (goose)	A realization especially used by younger speakers instead of [ɣ].

Fricatives

Grapheme	Phoneme(s)	Example	Notes
g	/ɣ, x/	Gäize (goose), Ploug (plough)	Voiced velar fricative, unvoiced in the syllable coda and before an unvoiced consonant. Younger speakers show a tendency towards using the plosive [ɡ] instead of [ɣ], as in German, but that development has not yet been reported in most scientific studies.
f	/f, v/	Fjúur (fire)	Realised voicedly by a suffix: ljoof - ljowe (dear - love)
w	/v/	Woater (water)	Normally a voiced labio-dental fricative like in German, after u it is however realised as bilabial semi-vowel [w] (see below).
v	/v, f/	iek skräive (I scream)	Realised voicelessly before voiceless consonants: du skräifst (you scream)
s	/s, z/	säike (to seek), zuuzje (to sough)	Voiced [z] in the syllable onset is unusual for Frisian dialects and also rare in Saterlandic. There is no known minimal pair s - z so /z/ is probably not a phoneme. Younger speakers tend to use [ʃ] more, for the combination of /s/ + another consonant: in fräisk (Frisian) not [frɛɪsk] but [fʀɛɪʃk]. That development, however, has not yet been reported in most scientific studies.
ch	/x/	truch (through)	Only in syllable nucleus and coda.
h	/h/	hoopje (to hope)	Only in onset.

Other consonants

Grapheme	Phoneme	Example	Notes
m	/m/	Moud (courage)
n	/n/	näi (new)
ng	/ŋ/	sjunge (to sing)
j	/j/	Jader (udder)
l	/l/	Lound (land)
r	/r/, [r, ʀ, ɐ̯, ɐ]	Roage (rye)	Traditionally, a rolled or simple alveolar [r] in onsets and between vowels. After vowels or in codas, it becomes [ɐ]. Younger speakers tend to use a uvular [ʀ] instead. That development, however, has not yet been reported in most scientific studies.
w	/v/, [w]	Kiuwe (chin)	As in English, it is realised as a bilabial semivowel only after u.

Morphology

Personal pronouns

The subject pronouns of Saterland Frisian are as follows:[8]

		singular	plural
first person		iek	wie
second person		du	jie
third person	masculine	hie, er	jo, ze (unstr.)
	feminine	ju, ze (unstr.)
	neuter	dät, et, t

The numbers 1-10 in Saterland Frisian are as follows:[9]

Saterland Frisian	English
aan (m.) een (f., n.)	one
twäin (m.) two (f., n.)	two
träi (m.) trjo (f., n.)	three
fjauer	four
fieuw	five
säks	six
sogen	seven
oachte	eight
njúgen	nine
tjoon	ten

Numbers one through three in Saterland Frisian vary in form based on the gender of the noun they occur with.[9] In the table, "m." stands for masculine, "f." for feminine, and "n." for neuter.

For the purposes of comparison, here is a table with numbers 1-10 in 4 West Germanic languages:

Saterland Frisian	Low German	German	English
aan (m.) een (f., n.)	een	eins	one
twäin (m.) two (f., n.)	twee	zwei	two (and the old masculine 'twain')
träi (m.) trjo (f., n.)	dree	drei	three
fjauer	veer	vier	four
fieuw	fief	fünf	five
säks	söss	sechs	six
sogen	söben	sieben	seven
oachte	acht	acht	eight
njúgen	negen	neun	nine
tjoon	teihn	zehn	ten

Sample text

Below is a snippet of the New Testament in Saterland Frisian, published in 2000 and translated by Marron Curtis Fort:[10]

Dut aal is geskäin, dät dät uutkume skuul, wät die Here truch dän Profeet kweden häd;	This all has happened, so that it would come true, what the Lord through the prophet has said;

The Lord's Prayer:[10]

Uus Foar in dän Hemel, din Nome wäide heliged, läit dien Riek boalde kume, läit din Wille geskjo so in dän Hemel as ap ju Äide. Dou uus dälig dät Brood, dät wie bruke. Un ferreke uus uus Skeelden, so as wie ze uus Skeeldlju-dene ferroat häbe. Un lede uus nit in Fersäikenge, man rädde uus fóar dät Kwode. Dan dienen is dät Riek un ju Krääft un ju Heerdelkaid bit in alle Eeuwigaid. Amen.

A preview of the first stanza of the Saterlied [de] (Seelter Läid), which is considered to be the regional anthem of Saterland:[11]

In the media

Newspaper

Nordwest-Zeitung [de], a German-language regional daily newspaper based in Oldenburg, Germany, publishes occasional articles in Saterland Frisian. The articles are also made available on the newspaper's Internet page, under the headline Seeltersk.

Radio

As of 2004, the regional radio station Ems-Vechte-Welle broadcasts a 2-hour program in Saterland Frisian and Low German entitled Middeeges. The program is aired every other Sunday from 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. The first hour of the program is usually reserved for Saterland Frisian. The program usually consists of interviews about local issues between music. The station can be streamed live though the station's Internet page.

Current revitalization efforts

Children's books in Saterlandic are few, compared to those in German. Margaretha (Gretchen) Grosser, a retired member of the community of Saterland, has translated many children's books from German into Saterlandic. A full list of the books and the time of their publication can be seen on the German Wikipedia page of Margaretha Grosser.

Recent efforts to revitalize Saterlandic include the creation of an app called "Kleine Saterfriesen" (Little Sater Frisians) on Google Play. According to the app's description, it aims at making the language fun for children to learn teaches them Saterlandic vocabulary in many different domains (the supermarket, the farm, the church). There have been more than 500 downloads of the app since its release in December 2016, according to statistics on Google Play Store.[12]

The language remains capable of producing neologisms as evidenced by a competition during the Covid-19 pandemic to create a Saterfrisian word for anti-Covid facemask held in late 2020 / early 2021[13] which resulted in the term "Sküüldouk" being adopted with facemasks having the Saterfrisian sentence "Bäte dusse Sküüldouk wädt Seeltersk boald!" ("Under this facemask, Saterfrisian is spoken") written on them gaining some local popularity.[14]

Further reading

• Fort, Marron C. (1980): Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
• Fort, Marron C. (2001) Das Saterfrisische. In Munske, Horst Haider (ed.), Handbuch des Friesischen, 409-422. Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton.
• Kramer, Pyt (1982): Kute Seelter Sproakleere - Kurze Grammatik des Saterfriesischen. Rhauderfehn: Ostendorp.
• Peters, Jörg (2017), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226, S2CID 232348873
• Stellmacher, Dieter (1998): Das Saterland und das Saterländische. Oldenburg.

See also

• Frisia
• Frisian Islands
• Frisian languages
• Frisians
• Saterland Frisians

References

External links

• Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch (German)
• Näie Seelter Siede

На других языках

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[de] Saterfriesische Sprache

Saterfriesisch oder Saterländisch (Eigenbezeichnung: Seeltersk) ist die Sprache der Saterfriesen und die letzte verbliebene Varietät der ostfriesischen Sprache. Die saterfriesische Sprache oder das Saterländische wird in der Gemeinde Saterland im Landkreis Cloppenburg nach unterschiedlichen Schätzungen von nur noch 1500 bis 2500[1] Menschen gesprochen. Damit handelt es sich um eine der kleinsten Sprachinseln Europas. Während vor einigen hundert Jahren in Ostfriesland und den anderen friesischen Gebieten östlich der Lauwers die ursprüngliche ostfriesische Sprache durch niedersächsische Dialekte verdrängt wurde (besonders Ostfriesisches Platt und Gronings zeigen noch ihr friesisches Erbe), überlebte das Saterfriesische als friesische Sprache im Saterland.

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- [en] Saterland Frisian language

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[fr] Frison oriental

Le frison oriental ou frison saterlandais (seeltersk) est parlé en Saterland (Basse-Saxe, Allemagne). Ses locuteurs le nomment simplement saterlandais (parfois de même en français). Certains le considèrent comme une langue à part entière, d'autres comme une variante du frison occidental. Les autres langues frisonnes sont le frison occidental (440 000 locuteurs) et le frison septentrional (10 000 locuteurs), le premier parlé aux Pays-Bas et le dernier en Allemagne. Il ressemble également à l'anglais et au néerlandais.

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[ru] Затерландский фризский язык

Затерландский фризский язык — диалект восточнофризского языка, одного из фризских языков, на котором говорят в немецком городе Затерланде. Иногда также считается диалектом фризского языка, однако он не является взаимопонимаемым с западнофризским языком, на котором говорят во Фрисландии (см. Проблема «язык или диалект»). Также затерландский фризский язык имеет свой языковой код ISO, отличный от кода фризского языка. Затерландский фризский язык является последним живым диалектом восточнофризского языка, некогда широко распространённого на северо-западе современной Германии.

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