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Cocopah is a Delta language of the Yuman language family spoken by the Cocopah. Cocopah is believed to have derived from the Hokan language, and it is related to the other Native American languages of Mojave and Kumeyaay.[3] Cocopah is considered an endangered language, with fewer than 400 speakers at the turn of the 21st century. However, in an effort to keep the language alive, Yuma County's Cocopah Museum began offering classes teaching Cocopah to children in 1998.

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Cocopah
Kwikapa
Native to	Mexico, United States
Region	Baja California, Arizona, Sonora
Ethnicity	Cocopah
Native speakers	550: 370 in US (2015)[1] and 180 in Mexico (2020 census)[2]
Language family	Yuman Delta–Californian Cocopah
Language codes
ISO 639-3	coc
Glottolog	coco1261
ELP	Cocopah
Cocopa is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

History

Much of the Cocopah language was passed down through speaking, rather than through writing. This, in large part, is due to the fact that the language did not have an alphabet for the majority of its existence. It was not until the 1970s that a written language was developed, when a scholar decided to approach this task for a dissertation. Although the creation of an alphabet was useful, the original proved to be less than ideal, and so a new one was developed by the tribe in the early 2000s. As the revival of the language progressed, it became apparent that the language did not have words to fit the advances made in modern society. In turn, the tribe developed new words to attribute to modern objects that did not exist in the ancient language. The elders of the tribe were given the responsibility of developing these new words and/or phrases. [4]

While the Cocopah tribe inhabits parts of Arizona and parts of Mexico, the written language differs based on the location of the tribe. For instance, Cocopah in Mexico use a different orthography than Cocopah in Arizona. The Mexican-based Cocopah use an orthography that was designed by the INALI, an organization that examines and protects the rights of endangered languages.

Sounds

Consonants

Cocopah has 21 consonants:

	Bilabial	Alveolar		Retroflex	Palatal		Velar		Glottal
		plain	lateral		plain	lateral	plain	labial
Nasal	m	n			ɲ
Stop	p	t		ʈ	tʃ		k	kʷ	ʔ
Fricative		s		ʂ	ʃ	ɬʲ	x	xʷ
Approximant			l		j	lʲ		w
Trill		r

• /r/ is usually a trill [r] but sometimes is a flap [ɾ].
• /tʃ, ɲ, ʃ/ are postalveolar (palato-alveolar). /lʲ, ɬʲ/ are palatalized alveolar consonants.
• /ɬʲ/ is usually palatalized, but unlike /lʲ/ it does not contrast with a non-palatalized [ɬ].

Vowels

Cocopah has 4 vowels.

	Front	Back
Close	i / iː	u / uː
Mid	e / eː
Open	a / aː

Cocopah has both short and long vowels.

Syllable & phonotactics

The Cocopah syllable:

(C)(C)(C)V(ː)(C)(C)

• Word-initial two-consonant clusters usually consist of a fricative plus another consonant, e.g. /sp, ʂm, ʃp, xt͡ʃ/. Rarer two-consonant clusters start with a lateral or a stop consonant, e.g. /lt͡ʃ, ɬʲt͡ʃ, ps, t͡ʃp/.
• Three-consonant clusters are rare, recorded examples include /pxk, pxkʷ, spx/.

Bibliography

• Crawford, James M. (1970). Cocopa Baby Talk. International Journal of American Linguistics, 36, 9-13.
• Crawford, James M. (1978). More on Cocopa Baby Talk. International Journal of American Linguistics, 44, 17-23.
• Crawford, James M. (1989). Cocopa Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics (Vol. 114). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09749-1.
• Crawford, James M. (1983). Cocopa Texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics (Vol. 100). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09652-5.
• Crawford, James M. (1998). Classificatory Verbs in Cocopa. In Hinton, L. & Munro, P. (Eds.), American Indian Languages: Description and Theory (pp. 5–9). Berkeley: University of California.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Wares, Alan C. (1968). A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. Janua Linguarum, Series Practica (No. 57). The Hauge: Mouton.

References

External links

• "Native American Audio Collections: Cocopa". American Philosophical Society. Archived from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
• Cocopa Swadesh vocabulary list (from Wiktionary)
• Cocopa dictionary on Google Books
• Cocopah language audio Bible stories and lessons - free mp3 downloads
• Cocopah basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

На других языках

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- [en] Cocopah language

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[es] Idioma cucapá

El idioma cucapá es una lengua perteneciente al grupo yumano del Delta de la familia yumano-cochimí, la que ha sido incluida en la hipotética familia hokana. Posee unos pocos centenares de hablantes, que viven en su mayoría en reservas del suroeste de Arizona, Estados Unidos; y en varias localidades rurales de Baja California y Sonora, en México. Aún continúa siendo transmitido a las nuevas generaciones, aunque se calcula que su extinción está muy próxima.

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[fr] Cocopa

Le cocopa est une langue yumane de la branche des langues Delta-Californie parlée dans le delta du Colorado, aux États-Unis, dans le Sud de l'Arizona et au Mexique, en Basse-Californie et dans l'État de Sonora.

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[ru] Кокопа (язык)

Кокопа (Cocopá, Cocopah, Cucapá, Cucupá, Delta River Yuman, Kikima, Kikimá, Kwikapa, Kwikapá) — индейский язык народности кокопа, относящийся к дельта-калифорнийской группе кочими-юманской семьи, на котором говорят в муниципалитетах Сан-Пойса-де-Аройсу и Эль-Майор (к югу от Рио-Сан-Луис-Колорадо) штата Нижняя Калифорния в Мексике, возле реки Нижняя Колорадо, к югу от города Юма штата Аризона в США. В попытке сохранить живой язык, на котором говорили меньше чем 400 человек на рубеже 21 века, в 1998 году музей языка кокопа стал предлагать уроки языка кокопа детям.

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