Fox (known by a variety of different names, including Mesquakie (Meskwaki), Mesquakie-Sauk, Mesquakie-Sauk-Kickapoo, Sauk-Fox, and Sac and Fox) is an Algonquian language, spoken by a thousand Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo in various locations in the Midwestern United States and in northern Mexico.
Algonquian language spoken in US Midwest and northern Mexico
Map showing the distribution of Oklahoma Indian Languages
Kickapoo is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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Dialects
The three distinct dialects are:
Fox or Meskwakiatoweni (Meskwaki language)[4] (also called Mesquakie, Meskwaki)
Sauk or Thâkiwâtowêweni (Thâkîwaki language) (also rendered Sac), and
Kickapoo (also rendered Kikapú; considered by some to be a closely related but distinct language[5]).
If Kickapoo is counted as a separate language rather than a dialect of Fox, then only between 200 and 300 speakers of Fox remain. Extinct Mascouten was most likely another dialect, though it is scarcely attested.
Revitalization
Most speakers are elderly or middle-aged, making it highly endangered. The tribal school at the Meskwaki Settlement in Iowa incorporates bilingual education for children.[6][7] In 2011, the Meskwaki Sewing Project was created, to bring mothers and girls together "with elder women in the Meskwaki Senior Center sewing traditional clothing and learning the Meskwaki language."[8]
Prominent scholars doing research on the language include Ives Goddard[9] and Lucy Thomason of the Smithsonian Institution and Amy Dahlstrom of the University of Chicago.
The consonant phonemes of Fox are given in the table below. The eight vowel phonemes are: short /a, e, i, o/ and long /aː, eː, iː, oː/.
Labial
Alveolar
Postalveolar or palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m
n
Stop
plain
p
t
tʃ
k
preaspirated
ʰp
ʰt
ʰtʃ
ʰk
Fricative
s
ʃ
h
Approximant
j
w
Other than those involving a consonant plus /j/ or /w/, the only possible consonant cluster is /ʃk/.
Until the early 1900s, Fox was a phonologically very conservative language and preserved many features of Proto-Algonquian; records from the decades immediately following 1900 are particularly useful to Algonquianists for this reason. By the 1960s, however, an extensive progression of phonological changes had taken place, resulting in the loss of intervocalic semivowels and certain other features.[10]
Grammar
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Besides the Latin script, Fox has been written in two indigenous scripts.[12]
"Fox I" is an abugida based on the cursive French alphabet (see Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics). Consonants written by themselves are understood to be syllables containing the vowel /a/. They are l /pa/, t /ta/, s /sa/, d /ša/, tt /ča/, の /ya/,[13]w /wa/, m /ma/, n /na/, K /ka/, 8 /kwa/. The characters d for /š/, tt for /č/, and 8 for /kw/ derive from French ch, tch, and q(u).
Vowels are written by adding dots to the consonant: l. /pe/, l· /pi/, l.. /po/.
"Fox II" is a consonant–vowel alphabet, though according to Coulmas, /p/ is not written (as /a/ is not written in Fox I). Vowels (or /p/ plus a vowel) are written as cross-hatched tally marks, approximately × /a/, II /e/,[14]III /i/,[15]IIII /o/.[16]
Nelson, John (2008-07-27). "Talking the talk". WCFCourier.com. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
Language change in the speech community: change by loss of a stylistic register, in Historical Linguistics: Toward a Twenty-First Century Reintegration (ISBN0521583322), page 57
"の" used here for /ya/ is a graphic approximation; it's a small clockwise loop with a long tail.
If the cross-hatching does not show up (perhaps because this line has been copied without formatting), this is like a small capital H with the cross-bar sticking out on either side.
Resembles Chinese 卅 but lower and wider.
Resembles Chinese 卌, but lower and wider.
Actually, like one script n stacked on another.
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1925. "Notes on the Fox Language." International Journal of American Linguistics 3:219-32.
Cowan, William 1991. "Observations Regarding Fox (Mesquakie) Phonology". Papers of the Twenty-Second Algonquian Conference.
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