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Modern English (sometimes New English or NE (ME)[2] as opposed to Middle English and Old English) is the form of the English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England, which began in the late 14th century and was completed in roughly 1550.

Modern English
New English
English
RegionEnglish-speaking world
Era15th century AD – present[1]
Language family
Indo-European
Early forms
Proto-Indo-European
Writing system
Latin script (English alphabet)
English Braille, Unified English Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-1en
ISO 639-2eng
ISO 639-3eng
Glottologstan1293
Linguasphere52-ABA

With some differences in vocabulary, texts from the early 17th century, such as the works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible, are considered to be in Modern English, or more specifically, are referred to as using Early Modern English or Elizabethan English. English was adopted in regions around the world, such as Anglo-America, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Australia and New Zealand through colonisation by the British Empire.

Modern English has many dialects spoken in many countries throughout the world, sometimes collectively referred to as the Anglosphere. These dialects include (but are not limited to) American English, Australian English, British English (containing English English, Welsh English and Scottish English), Canadian English, Caribbean English, Hiberno-English, Indian English, Pakistani English, Nigerian English, New Zealand English, Philippine English, Singaporean English, and South African English.

According to the Ethnologue, there are almost 1 billion speakers of English as a first or second language.[3] English is spoken as a first or a second language in many countries, with most native speakers being in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Ireland; there are also large populations in India, Pakistan, the Philippines and Southern Africa. It "has more non-native speakers than any other language, is more widely dispersed around the world and is used for more purposes than any other language". Its large number of speakers, plus its worldwide presence, have made English a common language ("lingua franca") "of the airlines, of the sea and shipping, of computer technology, of science and indeed of (global) communication generally".[4]


Development


Modern English evolved from Early Modern English which was used from the beginning of the Tudor period until the Interregnum and Restoration in England.[5] By the late 18th century the British Empire had facilitated the spread of Modern English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. Modern English also facilitated worldwide international communication. English was adopted in North America, India, parts of Africa, Australia, and many other regions. In the post-colonial period, some newly created nations that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using Modern English as the official language to avoid the political difficulties inherent in promoting one indigenous language above another.[6][7]


Outline of changes


The following is an outline of the major changes in Modern English compared to its previous form (Middle English), and also some major changes in English over the course of the 20th century. Note, however, that these are generalizations, and some of these may not be true for specific dialects:


Morphology



Pronouns


Verbs


Phonology


Up until the American–British split (1600–1725), some major phonological changes in English included:

After the American-British split, further changes to English phonology included:


Syntax



Alphabet


Changes in alphabet and spelling were heavily influenced by the advent of printing and continental printing practices.

Consequently, Modern English came to use a purely Latin alphabet of 26 letters.


See also



References



Citations


  1. Terttu Nevalainen: An Introduction to Early Modern English, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 1
  2. Sihler 2000, p. xvi.
  3. Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2016). "English". Ethnologue. SIL International. Retrieved 22 February 2016. Total users in all countries: 942,533,930 (as L1: 339,370,920; as L2: 603,163,010)
  4. Algeo & pyles 2004, p. 222.
  5. Nevalainen, Terttu (2006). An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
  6. Romaine 2006, p. 586.
  7. Mufwene 2006, p. 614.
  8. Leech, Geoffrey; Hundt, Marianne; Mair, Christian; Smith, Nicholas (2009). Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19.

Sources





На других языках


[de] Modernes Englisch

Modernes Englisch oder Neuenglisch (engl. Modern English, auch New English) ist eine Sprachstufe des Englischen, die je nach Definition um das Jahr 1700 beginnt und auf Frühneuenglisch (ca. 1500–1700) folgt oder um 1500 mit Frühneuenglisch beginnt. Weitere Sprachstufen des Englischen sind Altenglisch und Mittelenglisch.
- [en] Modern English



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