lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Search / Calendar

Indian English (IE) is a group of English dialects spoken in India and among the Indian diaspora.[4] English is used by the Indian government for communication, along with Hindi, as enshrined in the Constitution of India.[5] English is also an official language in seven states and seven union territories of India, and the additional official language in seven other states and one union territory. Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the Indian Judiciary, unless the state governor or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the President of India has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts.[6]

Indian English
RegionIndian Subcontinent
Native speakers
260,000 (2011)[1][2][3]
L2 speakers: 200 million
L3 speakers: 46 million
Language family
Early forms
Writing system
Latin (English alphabet)
Unified English Braille
Official status
Official language in
India
Language codes
ISO 639-1en
ISO 639-2eng
ISO 639-3eng
Glottologindi1255
IETFen-IN
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Status


After gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, English remained an official language of the new Dominion of India and later the Republic of India. Only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, speak English as their first language,[7][8][9][10] and around 30% of the Indian population can speak English to some extent.[11]

According to the 2001 Census, 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately 200,000 reported that it was their first language, 86 million reported that it was their second, and 39 million reported that it was their third.[12]

According to the 2005 India Human Development Survey,[13] of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently.[14] According to statistics from the District Information System for Education (DISE) of the National University of Educational Planning and Administration under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 15 million in 2008–09 to 29 million by 2013–14.[15]

According to the 2011 Census, 129 million Indians (10.6%) spoke English. 259,678 (0.02%) Indians spoke English as their first language.[1] It concluded that approximately 83 million Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and 46 million (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India.[2]

India ranks 50 out of 100 countries in the 2021 EF English Proficiency Index published by the EF Education First. The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "low proficiency". India ranks 8th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index.[16] Among Asian countries, Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia, South Korea and China (including Hong Kong and Macau) received higher scores than India.

The journalist Manu Joseph wrote in a The New York Times article that, due to the prominence and usage of the language and the desire for English-language education, "English is the de facto national language of India. It is a bitter truth."[17] In his book, In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation, Ranjan Kumar Auddy shows that the history of the rise of Indian nationalism and the history of the emergence of Indian English are deeply inter-related.


Court language


Under the Indian Constitution, English is the language of India's Supreme Court and of all the high courts of India.[6] However, as allowed by the Constitution, Hindi is also used in courts in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan by virtue of special presidential approval.[18] As of 2018, the high courts of Punjab and Haryana were also awaiting presidential approval to use Hindi alongside English,[19] and the Madras High Court has been taking steps to use Tamil alongside English.[20]


Names


The first occurrence of the term Indian English dates from 1696,[21] though the term did not become common until the 19th century. In the colonial era, the most common terms in use were Anglo-Indian English, or simply Anglo-Indian, both dating from 1860. Other less common terms in use were Indo-Anglian (dating from 1897) and Indo-English (1912).[22] An item of Anglo-Indian English was known as an Anglo-Indianism from 1851.[22]

In the modern era, a range of colloquial portmanteau words for Indian English have been used. The earliest of these is Indlish (recorded from 1962), and others include Indiglish (1974), Indenglish (1979), Indglish (1984), Indish (1984), Inglish (1985) and Indianlish (2007).[23]


Features


Indian English generally uses the Indian numbering system. Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology among various dialects of Indian English.[24][25][26][27]

Formal written publications in English in India tend to use lakh/crore for Indian currency and Western numbering for foreign currencies like dollars and pounds.[28]


History


The English language established a foothold in India with the granting of the East India Company charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 and the subsequent establishment of trading ports in coastal cities such as Surat, Bombay (called Mumbai since 1995), Madras (called Chennai since 1996), and Calcutta (called Kolkata since 2001).

English-language public instruction began in India in the 1830s during the rule of the British East India Company (India was then, and is today, one of the most linguistically diverse regions of the world[29]). In 1835, English replaced Persian as the official language of the East India Company. Lord Macaulay played a major role in introducing English and Western concepts into educational institutions in India. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers.[30] Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, primary, middle, and high schools were opened in many districts of British India, with most high schools offering English language instruction in some subjects. In 1857, just before the end of East India Company rule, universities that were modeled on the University of London and used English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During the British Raj (1858 to 1947), English-language penetration increased throughout India. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the civil services. At the time of India's independence in 1947, English was the only functional lingua franca in the country.

After Indian Independence in 1947, Hindi was declared the first official language, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language of India. Due to protests from Tamil Nadu and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind, the English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped."[31] This has not yet occurred, and English is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states.

The view of the English language among many Indians has changed over time. It used to be associated primarily with colonialism; it is now primarily associated with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India.[32]

While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite,[33] because of inadequate education to large parts of the Indian population. The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of English exhibited by the authors of many guidebooks disadvantage students who rely on these books, giving India only a moderate proficiency in English.[34]

In addition, many features of Indian English were imported into Bhutan due to the dominance of Indian-style education and teachers in the country after it withdrew from its isolation in the 1960s.[35][36]


Hinglish and other hybrid languages


The term Hinglish is a portmanteau of the languages English and Hindi. This typically refers to the macaronic hybrid use of Hindi and English. It is often the growing preferred language of the urban and semi-urban educated Indian youth, as well as the Indian diaspora abroad.[37] The Hindi film industry, more popularly known as Bollywood, incorporates considerable amounts of Hinglish as well.[38] Many internet platforms and voice commands on Google also recognise Hinglish.[37] When HindiUrdu is viewed as a single language called Hindostani, the portmanteaus Hinglish and Urdish mean the same code-mixed tongue, where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in Pakistan.

Other macaronic hybrids such as Minglish (Marathi and English), Manglish (Malayalam and English), Kanglish (Kannada and English), Tenglish (Telugu and English), and Tanglish or Tamglish (Tamil and English) exist in South India.[39]


Phonology



Vowels


In general, Indian English has fewer peculiarities in its vowel sounds than the consonants, especially as spoken by native speakers of languages like Hindi, the vowel phoneme system having some similarities with that of English. Among the distinctive features of the vowel-sounds employed by some Indian English speakers:

The following are some variations in Indian English resulting from not distinguishing a few vowels:


Consonants


The following are the characteristics of dialect of Indian English most similar to RP:

The following are the variations in Indian English:

The following are variations in Indian English due to language contact with Indian languages:


Spelling pronunciation


A number of distinctive features of Indian English are due to "the vagaries of English spelling".[47] Most Indian languages, unlike English, have a nearly phonetic spelling, so the spelling of a word is a highly reliable guide to its modern pronunciation. Indians' tendency to pronounce English phonetically as well can cause divergence from British English. This phenomenon is known as spelling pronunciation.


Supra-segmental features


English is a stress-timed language. Both syllable stress and word stress (where only certain words in a sentence or phrase are stressed) are important features of Received Pronunciation. Indian native languages are actually syllable-timed languages, like French. Indian-English speakers usually speak with a syllabic rhythm.[54] Further, in some Indian languages, stress is associated with a low pitch,[55] whereas in most English dialects, stressed syllables are generally pronounced with a higher pitch. Thus, when some Indian speakers speak, they appear to put the stress accents at the wrong syllables, or accentuate all the syllables of a long English word. Certain Indian accents possess a "sing-song" quality, a feature seen in a few English dialects of Britain, such as Scouse and Welsh English.[56]


Numbering system


The Indian numbering system is preferred for digit grouping.[57] When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000/100 000 are expressed just as they are in Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000/100 000 are expressed in a subset of the Indian numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used:

In digits (International system)In digits (Indian system)In words (short scales)In words (Indian system) (Only in Hindustani language)
10ten
100hundred
1,000one thousand
10,000ten thousand
100,0001,00,000one hundred thousandone lakh (from lākh लाख)
1,000,00010,00,000one millionten lakh (from lākh लाख)
10,000,0001,00,00,000ten millionone crore (from karoṛ करोड़)
100,000,00010,00,00,000hundred millionten crore
1,000,000,0001,00,00,00,000one billionone hundred crore
one arab
10,000,000,00010,00,00,00,000ten billionone thousand crore
ten arab
100,000,000,0001,00,00,00,00,000hundred billionten thousand crore
one kharab

(arab, kharab are not commonly used in modern contexts)

Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above (for example, one lakh crores for one trillion).[58][59]


Vocabulary


Indian English includes many political, sociological, and administrative terms, such as dharna, hartal, eve-teasing, vote bank, swaraj, swadeshi, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, and NRI. It incorporates some Anglo-Indian words such as tiffin, hill station, gymkhana, along with slang.[60][61]

Some examples of words and phrases unique to, or chiefly used in, standard written Indian English include:


Spelling


Spelling practices in Indian English generally follow the British style, e.g., using travelling, litre, practise (as a verb), anaesthesia, fulfil, catalogue and colour, rather than the American style.[78]


Dictionaries


The most famous dictionary of Indian English is Yule and Brunell's Hobson-Jobson, originally published in 1886 with an expanded edition edited by William Crooke in 1903, widely available in reprint since the 1960s.

Numerous other dictionaries ostensibly covering Indian English, though for the most part being merely collections of administratively-useful words from local languages, include (chronologically): Rousseau A Dictionary of Words used in the East Indies (1804), Wilkins Glossary to the Fifth Report (1813), Stocqueler The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East Indian Knowledge (1844), Elliot A Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Terms: A-J (1845), Brown The Zillah Dictionary in the Roman Character (1852), Carnegy Kutcherry Technicalities (1853) and its second edition Kachahri Technicalities (1877), Wilson Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms (1855), Giles A Glossary of Reference, on Subjects connected with the Far East (1878), Whitworth Anglo-Indian Dictionary (1885), Temple A Glossary of Indian Terms relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land (1897), and Crooke Things India: Being Discursive Notes on Various Subjects connected with India (1906).

The first dictionary of Indian English to be published after independence was Hawkins Common Indian Words in English (1984). Other efforts include (chronologically): Lewis Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs (1991), Muthiah Words in Indian English (1991), Sengupta's Indian English supplement to the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1996) and Hankin Hanklyn-Janklin (2003). Nihalani et al. Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation (2004) delineates how Indian English differs from British English for a large number of specific lexical items. The Macmillan publishing company also produced a range of synchronic general dictionaries for the Indian market, such as the Macmillan Comprehensive Dictionary (2006).

The most recent and comprehensive dictionary is Carls A Dictionary of Indian English, with a Supplement on Word-formation Patterns (2017).


See also



References


  1. "LANGUAGE - INDIA,STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES (Table C-16)". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  2. "POPULATION BY BILINGUALISM AND TRILINGUALISM (Table C-17)". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  3. "India - Languages". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  4. "Case Studies - Asian English". British Library. University of Leeds. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  5. The Constitution of India (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. 1 December 2007. pp. 212–267. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  6. "Court language is English, says Supreme Court". The Economic Times. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  7. Census of India's Indian Census Archived 14 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Issue 25, 2003, pp 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).
  8. FAMILY-WISE GROUPING OF THE 122 SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED LANGUAGES Archived 7 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine – 2001 Census of India
  9. Tropf, Herbert S. 2005. India and its Languages Archived 8 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Siemens AG, Munich
  10. For the distinction between "English Speakers" and "English Users", see TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages), India is World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country Archived 4 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. The article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Wikipedia article and the current number:
    Wikipedia's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users is that Users only know how to read English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few million are English speakers.
  11. "The Problem With The English Language In India". Forbes.
  12. Rukmini S (24 November 2014). "Sanskrit and English: there's no competition". The Hindu.
  13. "EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills". www.ef.com. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  14. Desai, Dubey; Joshi, Sen; Sharif, Vanneman (2010). Human development in india (PDF). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-806512-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2015.
  15. "Number of children studying in English doubles in 5 years". The Times of India.
  16. "EF English Proficiency Index – India". www.ef.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  17. Joseph, Manu (17 February 2011). "India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here". The New York Times.
  18. Delhi (28 April 2016). "Use of Hindi Language in Courts". Business Standard India. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  19. "Haryana to approach guv for promoting use of Hindi in HC". The Times of India. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  20. "Government taking efforts to make Tamil official language in HC". The Hindu. 20 March 2020.
  21. J. Ovington, 1696 A Voyage to Suratt, in the Year, 1689, p. 326.
  22. James Lambert, 2012 "Beyond Hobson-Jobson: Towards a new lexicography for Indian English", English World-Wide 33(3): 294.
  23. Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 26. doi:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
  24. Mukesh Ranjan Verma and Krishna Autar Agrawal: Reflections on Indian English literature (2002), page 163: "Some of the words in American English have spelling pronunciation and also pronunciation spelling. These are also characteristic features of Indian English as well. The novels of Mulk Raj Anand, in particular, are full of examples of ..."
  25. Pingali Sailaja: Indian English (2009), page 116: "So what was Cauvery is now Kaveri. Some residual spellings left by the British do exist such as the use of ee for /i:/ as in Mukherjee. Also, some place names such as Cuddapah and Punjab"
  26. Edward Carney: Survey of English Spelling (2012), page 56: "Not all distributional differences, however, have important consequences for spelling. For instance, the ... Naturally enough, Indian English is heavily influenced by the native language of the area in which it is spoken."
  27. Indian English Literature (2002), page 300: "The use of Indian words with English spellings: e.g. 'Mundus,' 'raksha'; 'Ed Cherukka,' 'Chacko Saar Vannu'"
  28. Shapiro, Richard (16 August 2012). "The most distinctive counting system in English? Indian cardinal numbers". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 24 May 2020. - Shapiro is/was an OED employee. The article states: "The opinions and other information contained in the OED blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of Oxford University Press."
  29. Lalmalsawma, David (7 September 2013), India speaks 780 languages, 220 lost in last 50 years – survey, Reuters, archived from the original on 10 September 2013
  30. John MacKenzie, "A family empire," BBC History Magazine (Jan 2013)
  31. "THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT, 1963 | Department of Official Language | Ministry of Home Affairs | GoI". rajbhasha.gov.in. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  32. Annamalai, E. (2006). "India: Language Situation". In Brown, Keith (ed.). Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. Elsevier. pp. 610–613. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0.
  33. Daniyal, Shoaib. "The rise of Hinglish: How the media created a new lingua franca for India's elites". Scroll.in.
  34. Chelliah, Shobhana L. (July 2001). "Constructs of Indian English in language 'guidebooks'". World Englishes. 20 (2): 161–178. doi:10.1111/1467-971X.00207.
  35. "To Eat 'Snacks Or Snakes?' Discover The Idiosyncrasies Of Bhutanese English". dailybhutan.com. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  36. "The idiosyncrasies of Bhutanese English – Kuensel Online". kuenselonline.com. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  37. "Hinglish gets the most laughs, say Mumbai's standup comics". The Times of India. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  38. "Decoding the Bollywood poster - National Science and Media Museum blog". blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  39. Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 1-32. doi:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
  40. Reddy, C. Rammanohar. "The Readers' Editor writes: Why is American English becoming part of everyday usage in India?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  41. Sailaja (2009), pp. 24–25.
  42. Wells, pp. 627–628
  43. Wells, p. 628
  44. Ball & Muller 2014: The comments on retroflex consonants also apply to southern Indian languages such as Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam. and Kannada. Speakers of these languages tend to use their own retroflex consonants in place of English alveolar It, d, n/. Although these languages do have nonretroflex stops, these are dental, and it seems that English alveolar stops are perceived as closer to the retroflex stops than to the dental ones.
  45. Ball & Muller 2014, p. 289b: This use of retroflex consonants is very characteristic of Indian English, and the retroflex resonance is very pervasive ...
  46. Sailaja 2007, p. 252: 1.4 Indian (Telugu) English: All the adults who participated in this study spoke a Telugu variety of Indian English. Telugu pronunciation of English is heavily influenced by the spelling. Two identical letters in a word are articulated as geminates. The articulation is also mostly rhotic ... In place of the alveolar stops, retroflex sounds are used. Some speakers would also use a retroflex nasal in place of the alveolar nasal, and a retroflex lateral in place of the alveolar lateral.
  47. Wells, p. 629
  48. Spitzbardt, Harry (1976). English in India. p. 31. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  49. "Indian English Phonologics" (PDF). Phonologics. Linda J. Ferrier-Reid, Robert MacAuslan and Joel MacAuslan. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  50. Wells, J. C. (1982). Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 629. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.
  51. Wells, p. 627
  52. Mahanta, Shakuntala (2012). "Assamese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 42 (2): 217–224. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000096. ISSN 0025-1003. JSTOR 26351864.
  53. Wells, p. 630
  54. Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Cambridge University Press, 1995), page 360
  55. Archived 1 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  56. Varshney, R.L., "An Introductory Textbook of Linguistics and Phonetics", 15th Ed. (2005), Student Store, Bareilly.
  57. Bellos, Alex (5 April 2010). Alex's Adventures in Numberland: Dispatches from the Wonderful World of Mathematics. A&C Black. p. 114. ISBN 9781408811146. Indian English has different words for high numbers than British or America English.[...]Note that above a thousand, Indians introduce a comma after every two digits,[...]
  58. "Investors lose Rs 4.4 lakh crore in four days | Business Standard". Bsl.co.in. 27 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  59. "Corporate chiefs getting crores in salaries: 100 and counting! – The Smart Investor". Smartinvestor.in. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  60. James Lambert (2014). Indian English slang. In Julie Coleman (ed.) Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives (pp. 126–134). London: Routledge.
  61. James Lambert, James. (2018). Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles. World Englishes, 37(2): 248–260. doi:10.1111/weng.12291
  62. academic (noun), 6, Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, December 2011
  63. "cinema hall Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". Dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  64. "UP cinema halls to show Kumbh logo before screening movies | india news | Hindustan Times". M.hindustantimes.com. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  65. "YOGI ACCUSES OPPOSITION OF RANKING UP INFLATION". The Pioneer. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  66. English-knowing (adj). Compound, C2, Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, December 2008
  67. "freeship". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  68. freeship, 4., Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, March 2008
  69. hotel (noun) B. 3b., Lexico, archived from the original on 2 September 2019
  70. matrimonial (noun) B. 3b., Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, March 2001
  71. "Out of station". Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners.
  72. "You studied so hard you passed out?". Times of India Blog. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  73. press (noun), Compound, Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, March 2007
  74. redressal (noun), Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, September 2009
  75. upgradation (noun), Oxford English Dictionary, 1993
  76. "PREPONE | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  77. Nidhi Adlakha (29 November 2019). "India's missing footpaths". The Hindu.
  78. Sailaja 2009, pp. 83, 115.

Bibliography



Further reading







Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2024
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии