The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric[4] languages (also known as Bulgar, Pre-Proto-Bulgaric[5] or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic language family. The only extant member of the group is the Chuvash language. The first to branch off from the Turkic family, the Oghur languages show significant divergence from other Turkic languages, which all share a later common ancestor. Languages from this family were spoken in some nomadic tribal confederations, such as those of the Onogurs or Ogurs, Bulgars and Khazars.[6] Some scholars consider Hunnic a similar language[7] and refer to this extended grouping as Hunno-Proto-Bulgarian.[8]
| Oghuric | |
|---|---|
| Onogur Ogur | |
| Geographic distribution | |
| Linguistic classification | Turkic
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| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | bolg1249 |
The Oghuric languages are a distinct group of the Turkic languages, standing in contrast to Common Turkic. Today they are represented only by Chuvash. The only other language which is conclusively proven to be Oghuric is the long-extinct Bulgar, while Khazar may be a possible relative within the group.[9]
There is no consensus among linguists on the relation between Oghuric and Common Turkic and several questions remain unsolved:[4]
Fuzuli Bayat dates the separation into Oghur r-dialects and Oghuz z-dialects to the 2nd millennium BC.[10]
The Oghuric languages are also known as "-r Turkic" because the final consonant in certain words is r, not z as in Common Turkic.[9] Chuvash: вăкăр - Turkish: öküz - Tatar: үгез - English: ox. Hence the name Oghur corresponds to Oghuz "tribe" in Common Turkic.[4] Other correspondences are Com. š : Oghur l (tâš : tâl, 'stone'); s > š; *č > ś; k/q > ğ; y > j, ś; d, δ > δ > z (10th cent.) > r (13th cent.)"; ğd > z > r (14th cent.); a > ı (after 9th cent.).[11][12] The shift from s to š operates before i, ï, and iV, and Dybo calls the sound change the "Bulgar palatalization".[13]
Denis Sinor believed that the differences noted above suggest that the Oghur-speaking tribes could not have originated in territories inhabited by speakers of Mongolic languages, given that Mongolian dialects feature the -z suffix.[14] Peter Golden, however, has noted that there are many loanwords in Mongolic from Oghuric, such as Mongolic ikere, Oghuric *ikir, Hungarian iker, Common Turkic *ikiz 'twins',[4] and holds the contradictory view that the Oghur inhabited the borderlands of Mongolia prior to the 5th century.[15]
The Oghuric tribes are often connected with the Hungarians, whose exo-ethnonym is usually derived from On-Oğur (> (H)Ungari). Hungarians -> Hun Oghur -> (ten oghur tribes): On ogur -> up.chv. Won ogur -> dow.chv. Wun ogur -> belor. Wugorac -> rus. Wenger -> slove. Vogr, Vogrin -> cheh. pol. Węgier, Węgrzyn, -> lit. Veñgras. [16] The Hungarians are culturally of mixed Ugrian / Turkic heritage, with strong Oghuric-Bulgar and Khazar influences, even though much of the modern-day Hungarian genepool also has strong Slavic, Germanic, and Iranic influences.[17][18][19] Hungarian has many borrowings from Turkic and Oghuric languages:[20] Hung. tenger, Oghur. *tengir, Comm. *tengiz 'sea',[4] Hung. gyűrű, Oghur. *ǰürük, Comm. *yüzük 'ring',[21] and terms of equestrian culture ló 'horse', nyereg 'saddle', fék 'bridle', ostor 'whip'.[22] A number of Hungarian loanwords were borrowed before the 9th century, shown by sz- (< Oğ. *ś-) rather than gy- (< Oğ. *ǰ-), for example Hung. szél, Oghur. *śäl, Chuv. śil, Comm. *yel 'wind', Hung. szűcs 'tailor', Hung. szőlő 'grapes'.[21]
In the Oghuz languages as azer. tur. öküz means ox (totemic animal), and is a reflection of the Chuvash language wăkăr where rhotacism is used, in the Kipchak languages it is ögiz.[23][24]
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| Common Turkic |
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