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Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand ethnic Greeks who inhabit a few villages in Georgia and southeastern Ukraine. Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the region, leaving a fairly limited number of new speakers.[2] The Urum language is often considered a variant of Crimean Tatar.

Urum
Урум
Pronunciation	[uˈrum]
Native to	Ukraine, Georgia
Ethnicity	Urums (Turkic-speaking Greeks)
Native speakers	190,000 (2000)[1]
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak West Kypchak Urum
Dialects	Tsalka North Azovian
Writing system	Cyrillic, Greek
Language codes
ISO 639-3	uum
Glottolog	urum1249
ELP	Urum
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Name and etymology

The name Urum is derived from Rûm ("Rome"), the term for the Byzantine Empire in the Muslim world. The Ottoman Empire used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is prosthetic. Turkic languages originally did not have /ɾ/ in the word-initial position and so in borrowed words, it used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term Urum appears to have led to some confusion, as most Turkish-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in Georgia is often confused with the distinct community in Ukraine.[3][4]

Classification

Urum is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch of the family. According to Glottolog, Urum is a West Kipchak language and forms a subfamily with the Crimeaic languages (Crimean Tatar and Krymchak).[5]

Phonology

Vowels

	Front		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i	ü /y/	ı /ɯ/	u
Close-mid	e			o
Near-open	ä /æ/	ö /œ/
Open			a

Examples

• šar - city[6]
• äl - hand
• göl - lake
• yel - wind
• yol - road
• it - dog
• üzüg - ring
• ğız - girl
• ğuš - bird

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m		n		ɲ ⟨nʼ⟩	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p		t		c ⟨tʼ⟩	k
	voiced	b		d		ɟ ⟨dʼ⟩	g
Affricate	voiceless			(ts)	tʃ ⟨č⟩
	voiced				dʒ ⟨ǰ⟩
Fricative	voiceless	f	(θ)	s	ʃ ⟨š⟩		x ⟨h⟩	h
	voiced	v	(ð)	z	ʒ ⟨ž⟩		ɣ ⟨ğ⟩
Approximant		(w)				j
Lateral	plain			l
	velarized			ɫ
Flap				ɾ		ɾʲ ⟨rʼ⟩

/θ, ð/ appear solely in loanwords from Greek. /t͡s/ appears in loanwords. [w] can be an allophone of /v/ after vowels.[6][7]

Writing system

A few manuscripts are known to be written in Urum using Greek characters.[8] During the period between 1927 and 1937, the Urum language was written in reformed Latin characters, the New Turkic Alphabet, and used in local schools; at least one primer is known to have been printed. In 1937, the use of written Urum stopped. Alexander Garkavets uses the following alphabet:[9]

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Ғ ғ	Д д	(Δ δ)	Д′ д′
(Ђ ђ)	Е е	Ж ж	Җ җ	З з	И и	Й й	К к
Л л	М м	Н н	Ң ң	О о	Ӧ ӧ	П п	Р р
С с	Т т	Т′ т′	(Ћ ћ)	У у	Ӱ ӱ	Υ υ	Ф ф
Х х	Һ һ	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы
Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я	Ѳ ѳ

In an Urum primer issued in Kyiv in 2008, the following alphabet is suggested: [10]

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Ґ ґ	Д д	Д' д'	Дж дж
Е е	З з	И и	Й й	К к	Л л	М м	Н н
О о	Ӧ ӧ	П п	Р р	С с	Т т	Т' т'	У у
Ӱ ӱ	Ф ф	Х х	Ч ч	Ш ш	Ы ы	Э э

Publications

Very little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon,[11] and a small description of the language.[12] For Caucasian Urum, there is a language documentation project that collected a dictionary,[13] a set of grammatically relevant clausal constructions,[14] and a text corpus.[15] The website of the project contains issues about language and history.[16]

References

На других языках

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- [en] Urum language

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[es] Idioma urrumano

El urrumano[2] es una lengua túrquica noroccidental hablada por varios miles de personas que viven en unos cuantos pueblos localizados en el sureste ucraniano al norte del mar de Azov, así como por las demás comunidades de habla urrumana que se han dispersado por el globo.

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[fr] Urum (langue)

L'urum ou ouroum est une langue turque parlée en Ukraine, au Nord de la Mer d'Azov. Elle est parlée par les Urums, aussi appelés Grecs de Marioupol. La population urum, qui s'élevait dans les années 1980 à environ 60 000 personnes, vit dans les raïons de Velikonovoselkov, Perchotravensk, Starobecheve, Telmanov, situés dans l'oblast de Donetsk, dans le raïon de Kouïbychev de l'oblast de Zaporijia ainsi qu'à Marioupol[2].

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[it] Lingua urum

La lingua urum o urum è una lingua appartenente alla famiglia linguistica delle lingue turche parlata da alcune centinaia di migliaia di persone che abitano alcuni villaggi nel sud-est dell'Ucraina ed in Georgia, oltreché nelle numerose comunità disperse nel mondo. Alcuni linguisti considerano la lingua Urum come una variante della lingua tatara di Crimea.

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[ru] Урумский язык

Уру́мский язы́к (ранее греко-татарский, самоназвание урум тили или урум дили) — язык тюркской группы языков греков-урумов, проживающих в Северном Приазовье (Украина), куда они были переселены российским правительством из Крыма в 1778 году.

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