lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Yakut, also known as Yakutian, Sakha, Saqa or Saxa (Yakut: саха тыла), is a Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers, primarily the ethnic Yakuts and one of the official languages of Sakha (Yakutia), a federal republic in the Russian Federation.

This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (April 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 2,623 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Якутский язык]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|ru|Якутский язык}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Yakut
Sakha tyla
саха тыла sakha tïla
Pronunciation	[saχa tɯla]
Native to	Russia
Region	Yakutia, Magadan Oblast, Amur Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai (Evenkiysky District)
Ethnicity	Yakuts
Native speakers	450,000[1] (2010 census)
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Siberian Turkic Northern Siberian Yakut
Writing system	Cyrillic (formerly Latin and Cyrillic-based)
Official status
Official language in	Russia  Yakutia
Language codes
ISO 639-2	sah
ISO 639-3	sah
Glottolog	yaku1245
ELP	Yakut
Sakha language   Dolgan language
Yakut is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Yakut language differs from all other Turkic languages in the presence of a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin (possibly Paleo-Siberian). There is also a large number of words of Mongolian origin related to ancient borrowings, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages and their ancestor Proto-Turkic, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.

Classification

Yakut is a member of the Northeastern Common Turkic family of languages, which also includes Shor, Tuvan and Dolgan. Like most Turkic languages, Yakut has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually subject–object–verb. Yakut has been influenced by Tungusic and Mongolian languages.[2]

Historically, Yakut left the community of Common Turkic speakers relatively early.[3] Due to this, it diverges in many ways from other Turkic languages and mutual intelligibility between Yakut and other Turkic languages is low.[4] Nevertheless, Yakut contains many features which are important for the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic, such as the preservation of long vowels.[5]

Geographic distribution

Yakut is spoken mainly in the Sakha Republic. It is also used by ethnic Yakuts in Khabarovsk Region and a small diaspora in other parts of the Russian Federation, Turkey, and other parts of the world. Dolgan, a close relative of Yakut, considered by some a dialect of Yakut,[6] is spoken by Dolgans in Krasnoyarsk Region. Yakut is widely used as a lingua franca by other ethnic minorities in the Sakha Republic – more Dolgans, Evenks, Evens and Yukagirs speak Yakut than their own languages. About 8% of the people of other ethnicities than Yakut living in Sakha claimed knowledge of the Yakut language during the 2002 census.[7]

Phonology

Consonants

Yakut has the following consonants phonemes,[8] where the IPA value is provided in slashes '//' and the native script value is provided in bold followed by the romanization in parentheses.

Consonant phonemes of Yakut

		Bilabial	Dental/ alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		/m/ м (m)	/n/ н (n)	/ɲ/ нь (ń)	/ŋ/ ҥ (ŋ)
Plosive / affricate	voiceless	/p/ п (p)	/t/ т (t)	/t͡ʃ/ ч (č)	/k/ к (k)
	voiced	/b/ б (b)	/d/ д (d)	/d͡ʑ/ дь (ǰ)	/ɡ/ г (g)
Fricative	voiceless		/s/ с (s)		/χ/ х (x)	/h/ һ (h)
	voiced				/ʁ/ ҕ (ɣ)
Approximant	plain		/l/ л (l)	/j/ й (y)
	nasalized			/ȷ̃/ й (ỹ)
Flap			/ɾ/ р (r)

• /n, t, d/ are laminal denti-alveolar [n̪, t̪, d̪], whereas /s, l, ɾ/ are alveolar [s, l, ɾ].
• The nasal glide /ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography, where both are written as <й>. Thus айыы can be ayïï [ajiː] 'deed, creation, work' or aỹïï [aȷ̃iː] 'sin, transgression.'[9] The nasal glide /ȷ̃/ has a very restricted distribution, appearing in very few words.[10]
• /ɾ/ is pronounced as a flap /ɾ/ between vowels, e.g. орон (oron) [oɾon] 'place', and as a trill at the end of words, e.g. тур (tur) [tur] 'stand'.[11][12]
  • /ɾ/ does not occur at the beginning of words in native Yakut words; borrowed Russian words with onset /ɾ/ are usually rendered with an epenthetic vowel, e.g. Russian рама (rama) > Yakut араама (araama) 'frame'.

Yakut is in many ways phonologically unique among the Turkic languages. Yakut and the closely related Dolgan language are the only Turkic languages without hushing sibilants. Additionally, no known Turkic languages other than Yakut and Khorasani Turkic have the palatal nasal /ɲ/.

Consonant assimilation

Consonants at morpheme boundaries undergo extensive assimilation, both progressive and regressive.[13][14] All suffixes possess numerous allomorphs. For suffixes which begin with a consonant, the surface form of the consonant is conditioned on the stem-final segment. There are four such archiphonemic consonants: G, B, T, and L. Examples of each are provided in the following table for the suffixes -GIt (second-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoɣut 'y'all's child'), -BIt (first-person plural possessive suffix, oɣobut, 'our child'), -TA (partitive case suffix, tiiste 'some teeth'), -LARA (third-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoloro 'their child'). Note that the alternation in the vowels is governed by vowel harmony (see the main article and the below section).

Yakut consonant assimilation in suffixes

Consonant archiphoneme	Immediately preceding sound (example)
	High vowel i, u, ï, ü (kihi)	Low vowel a, e, o, ö (oɣo)	/l/ (uol)	/j,ɾ/ (kötör)	Voiceless consonants (tiis)	/χ/ (ïnaχ)	Nasal (oron)
G -GIt	[g] kihigit	[ɣ] oɣoɣut	[g] uolgut	[g] kötörgüt	[k] tiiskit	[χ] ïnaχχït	[ŋ] oroŋŋut[lower-alpha 1]
B -BIt	[b] kihibit	[b] oɣobut	[b] uolbut	[b] kötörbüt	[p] tiispit	[p] ïnaχpït	[m] orommut[lower-alpha 2]
T -TA	[t] kihite	[t] oɣoto	[l] uolla	[d] kötördö	[t] tiiste	[t] ïnaχta	[n] oronnut
L -LARA	[l] kihilere	[l] oɣoloro	[l] uollara	[d] kötördörö	[t] tiistere	[t] ïnaχtara	[n] oronnoro
	'person'	'child'	'boy'	'bird'	'tooth'	'cow'	'bed'

There is an additional regular morphophonological pattern for [t]-final stems: they assimilate in place of articulation with an immediately following labial or velar. For example at 'horse' > akkït 'y'all's horse', > appït 'our horse'.

Debuccalization

Yakut initial s- corresponds to initial h- in Dolgan and played an important operative rule in the development of proto-Yakut, ultimately resulting in initial Ø- < *h- < *s- (example: Dolgan huoq and Yakut suox, both meaning "not").^{[clarification needed]} The historical change of *s > h, known as debuccalization, is a common sound-change across the world's languages, being characteristic of such languages as Greek and Indo-Iranian in their development from Proto-Indo-European, as well as such Turkic languages as Bashkir, e.g. höt 'milk' < *süt.[15] Debuccalization of /s/ to /h/ is also found as a diachronic change from Proto-Celtic to Brittonic, and has actually become a synchronic grammaticalised feature called lenition in the related Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish, and Manx).

Debuccalization is also an active phonological process in modern Yakut. Intervocalically the phoneme /s/ becomes [h]. For example the /s/ in кыыс (kïïs) 'girl' becomes [h] between vowels:[16]

a. kïïs girl > > kïïh-ïm girl-POSS.1SG kïïs > kïïh-ïm girl > girl-POSS.1SG 'girl; daughter' > 'my daughter'

Vowels

Yakut has twenty phonemic vowels: eight short vowels, eight long vowels,[lower-alpha 1] and four diphthongs. The following table give broad transcriptions for each vowel phoneme,[lower-alpha 2] as well as the native script bold and romanization in italics:

Vowel phonemes of Yakut

		Front		Back
		unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	short	/i/ и (i)	/y/ ү (ü)	/ɯ/ ы (ï[lower-alpha 3])	/u/ у (u)
	long[lower-alpha 4]	/iː/ ии (ii)	/yː/ үү (üü)	/ɯː/ ыы (ïï)	/uː/ уу (uu)
Diphthong		/ie/ иэ (ie)	/yø/ үө (üö)	/ɯa/ ыа (ïa)	/uɔ/ уо (uo)
Open	short	/e/ э (e)	/ø/ ө (ö)	/a/ а (a)	/ɔ/ о (o)
	long	/eː/ ээ (ee)	/øː/ өө (öö)	/aː/ аа (aa)	/ɔː/ оо (oo)

Vowel harmony

Like other Turkic languages, a characteristic feature of Yakut is progressive vowel harmony. Most root words obey vowel harmony, for example in кэлин (kelin) 'back', all the vowels are front and unrounded. Yakut's vowel harmony in suffixes is the most complex system in the Turkic family.[23] Vowel harmony is an assimilation process where vowels in one syllable take on certain features of vowels in the preceding syllable. In Yakut, subsequent vowels all take on frontness and all non-low vowels take on lip rounding of preceding syllables' vowels.[24] There are two main rules of vowel harmony:

1. Frontness/backness harmony:
   1. Front vowels are always followed by front vowels.
   2. Back vowels are always followed by back vowels.
2. Rounding harmony:
   1. Unrounded vowels are always followed by unrounded vowels.
   2. Close rounded vowels always occur after close rounded vowels.
   3. Open unrounded vowels do not assimilate in rounding with close rounded vowels.

The quality of the diphthongs /ie, ïa, uo, üö/ for the purposes of vowel harmony is determined by the first segment in the diphthong. Taken together, these rules mean that the pattern of subsequent syllables in Yakut is entirely predictable, and all words will follow the following pattern:[25] Like the consonant assimilation rules above, suffixes display numerous allomorphs determined by the stem they attach to. There are two archiphoneme vowels I (an underlyingly high vowel) and A (an underlyingly low vowel).

Examples of I can be seen in the first-person singular possessive agreement suffix -(I)m:[26] as in (a):

a. aat-ïm name-POSS.1SG aat-ïm name-POSS.1SG 'my name'

et-im meat-POSS.1SG et-im meat-POSS.1SG 'my meat'

uol-um son-POSS.1SG uol-um son-POSS.1SG 'my son'

üüt-üm milk-POSS.1SG üüt-üm milk-POSS.1SG 'my milk'

The underlyingly low vowel phoneme A is represented through the third-person singular agreement suffix -(t)A[27] in (b):

b. aɣa-ta father-POSS.3SG aɣa-ta father-POSS.3SG 'his/her father'

iỹe-te mother-POSS.3SG iỹe-te mother-POSS.3SG 'his/her mother'

oɣo-to child-POSS.3SG oɣo-to child-POSS.3SG 'his/her child'

töbö-tö top-POSS.3SG töbö-tö top-POSS.3SG 'his/her top'

uol-a son-POSS.3SG uol-a son-POSS.3SG 'his/her son'

Orthography

After three earlier phases of development, Yakut is currently written using the Cyrillic script: the modern Yakut alphabet, established in 1939 by the Soviet Union, consists of all the Russian characters with five additional letters for phonemes not present in Russian: Ҕҕ, Ҥҥ, Өө, Һһ, Үү, as follows:

Yakut Cyrillic alphabet (Сахалыы сурук-бичик, Saxalïï suruk-bičik)

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Ҕ ҕ	Д д	Дь дь	Е е	Ё ё
Ж ж	З з	И и	Й й	К к	Л л	М м	Н н	Ҥ ҥ
Нь нь	О о	Ө ө	П п	Р р	С с	Һ һ	Т т	У у
Ү ү	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы
Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я

Yakut alphabet, letter names, IPA values

Letter	А	Б	В	Г	Ҕ	Д	Дь	Е	Ё	Ж	З	И	Й	К	Л	М	Н	Ҥ	Нь	О	Ө	П	Р	С	Һ	Т	У	Ү	Ф	Х	Ц	Ч	Ш	Щ	Ъ	Ы	Ь	Э	Ю	Я
Name	а	бэ	вэ	гэ	ҕэ	дэ	дьэ	е	ё	жэ	зэ	и	ый	кы	эл	эм	эн	ҥэ	ньэ	о	ө	пэ	эр	эс	һэ	тэ	у	ү	эф	хэ	цэ	че	ша	ща	[lower-alpha 1]	ы	[lower-alpha 2]	э	ю	я
IPA	/a/	/b/	/v/	/g/	/ɣ/	/d/	/d͡ʒ/	/(j)e/	/jo/	/ʒ/	/z/	/i/	/j/, /ȷ̃/	/k/	/l/	/m/	/n/	/ŋ/	/ɲ/	/ɔ/	/ø/	/p/	/ɾ/	/s/	/h/	/t/	/u/	/y/	/f/	/χ/	/t͡s/	/t͡ʃ/	/ʃ/	/ɕː/	/◌.j/	/ɯ/	/◌ʲ/	/e/	/ju/	/ja/
кытаанах бэлиэ сымнатар бэлиэ.

Long vowels are represented through the doubling of vowels, e.g. үүт (üüt) /yːt/ 'milk,' a practice that many scholars follow in Romanizations of the language.[28][29][30]

The full Yakut alphabet contains letters for consonant phonemes not present in native words (and thus not indicated in the phonology tables above): the letters В /v/, Е /(j)e/, Ё /jo|/, Ж /ʒ/, З /z/, Ф /f/, Ц /t͡s/, Ш /ʃ/, Щ /ɕː/, Ъ, Ю /ju/, Я /ja/ are used exclusively in Russian loanwords. In addition, in native Yakut words, the soft sign <Ь> is used exclusively in the digraphs <дь> and <нь>.

Transliteration

There are numerous conventions for the Romanization of Yakut. Bibliographic sources and libraries typically use the ALA-LC Romanization tables for non-Slavic languages in Cyrillic script.[31] Linguists often employ Turkological standards for transliteration,[32] or a mixture of Turkological standards and the IPA.[21] In addition, others employ Turkish orthography.[33] Comparison of some of these systems can be seen in the following:

Comparison of different conventions for transcribing Yakut

Cyrillic

(a)

дьон

(b)

айыы

(c)

бу

ыт

аттааҕар

түгэнник

сүүрэр

(d)

эһэ

бөрөтөөҕөр

күүстээх

IPA

/d͡ʒon/

/ajɯː/

/bu/

/ɯt/

/at.taːɣar/

/tyrgɛn.nɪk/

/syːrɛr/

/ɛhɛ/

/bøɾøtøːɣør/

/kystɛːχ/

Gloss

people

creation

dem

dog

horse-cmpr

fast-adv

run-pres

bear

wolf-CMPR

strong-have

Translation

'people'[34]

'creation'[35]

'This dog runs faster than a horse'[36]

'A bear is stronger than a wolf'[36]

Transcription conventions:

дьон

айыы

бу

ыт

аттааҕар

түгэнник

сүүрэр

эһэ

бөрөтөөҕөр

күүстээх

Turkological

Krueger

ǰon

ajıı

bu

ıt

attaaɣar

türgennik

süürer

ehe

böröötööɣör

küüsteeχ

Johanson

ǰon

ayï:

bu

ït

atta:ɣar

türgännik

sü:rär

ähä

börötö:ɣör

kü:stä:χ

Robbeets & Savalyev

ʤon

ïyïː

bu

ït

attaːɣar

türgennik

süːrer

ehe

börötöːɣör

kü:steːχ

ALA-LC[31]

d'on

aĭyy

bu

yt

attaaghar

tu̇rgennik

su̇u̇rer

eḣe

bȯrȯtȯȯghȯr

ku̇u̇steekh

KNAB[37]

djon

ajy:

bu

yt

atta:ǧar

türgennik

sü:rer

eḩe

börötö:ǧör

kü:ste:h

Turkish orthography

con

ayıı

bu

ıt

attaağar

türgennik

süürer

ehe

börötööğör

küsteex

Grammar

Syntax

The typical word order can be summarized as subject – adverb – object – verb; possessor – possessed; adjective – noun.

Nouns

Nouns have plural and singular forms. The plural is formed with the suffix /-LAr/, which may surface as -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лөр (-lör), -лор (-lor), -тар (-tar), -тэр (-ter), -төр (-tör), -тор (-tor), -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дөр (-dör), -дор (-dor), -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нөр (-nör), or -нор (-nor), depending on the preceding consonants and vowels. The plural is used only when referring to a number of things collectively, not when specifying an amount. Nouns have no gender.

Final sound basics	Plural affix options	Examples
Vowels, /l/	-lar, -ler, -lor, -lör	kïïllar 'beasts', eheler 'bears', oɣolor 'children', börölör 'wolves'
/k, p, s, t, χ/	-tar, -ter, -tor, -tör	attar 'horses', külükter 'shadows', ottor, 'herbs', bölöxtör 'groups'
/y, r/	-dar, -der, -dor, -dör	baaydar 'rich people', ederder 'young people'[lower-alpha 1] xotoydor 'eagles', kötördör 'eagles'
/m, n, ŋ/	-nar, -ner, -nor, -nör	kïïmnar 'sparks', ilimner 'fishing nets', oronnor 'beds', bödöŋnör 'large ones'

There is a handful of irregular plural nouns, e.g. уол (uol) 'boy; son' > уолаттар (uolattar), кыыс (kïïs) 'girl; daughter' > кыыргыттар (kïïrgïttar).

Yakut has eight grammatical cases: nominative (unmarked), accusative -(n)I, dative -GA, partitive -TA, ablative -(t)tan, instrumental -(I)nAn, comitative -LIIn, and comparative -TAAɣAr.[38] Examples of these are shown in the following table for a vowel-final stem eye 'peace' and a consonant-final stem uot 'fire':

	eye 'peace'	uot 'fire'
Nominative	eye	uot
Accusative	eyeni	uotu
Dative	eyeɣe	uotka
Partitive	eyete	uotta
Ablative[lower-alpha 1]	eyetten	uottan
Instrumental	eyenen	uotunan
Comitative	eyeliin	uottuun
Comparative	eteteeɣer	uottaaɣar

A notable detail about Yakut case is the absence of the genitive,[39] a feature which some argue is due to historical contact with Tungusic languages.[40] Possessors are unmarked, with the possessive relationship only being realized on the possessive suffix on the possessed noun.[41] For example, in (a) the first-person pronouns are not marked for genitive case; neither do full nominal possessors receive any marking (b):

a. min 1SG.NOM/GEN oɣo-m child-POSS.1SG / / bihigi 1PL.NOM/GEN oɣo-but child-POSS.1PL min oɣo-m / bihigi oɣo-but 1SG.NOM/GEN child-POSS.1SG / 1PL.NOM/GEN child-POSS.1PL 'my son' / 'our child'

b. Masha Masha.NOM/GEN aɣa-ta father-POSS.3SG Masha aɣa-ta Masha.NOM/GEN father-POSS.3SG 'Masha's father'

Pronouns

Personal pronouns in Yakut distinguish between first, second, and third persons and singular and plural number.

		Singular	Plural
1st person		мин (min)	биһиги (bihigi)
2nd person		эн (en)	эһиги (ehigi)
3rd person	human	кини (kini)	кинилэр (kiniler)
	non-human	ол (ol)	олор (olor)

Although nouns have no gender, the pronoun system distinguishes between human and non-human in the third person, using кини (kini, 'he/she') to refer to human beings and ол (ol, 'it') to refer to all other things.[42]

Questions

Question words in Yakut remain in-situ; they do not move to the front of the sentence. Sample question words include: туох (tuox) 'what', ким (kim) 'who', хайдах (xajdax) 'how', хас (xas) 'how much; how many', ханна (xanna) 'where', and ханнык (xannïk) 'which'.

Vocabulary

Yakut		Tuvan		Turkish	Uzbek	English	Classical Mongolian
Cyrillic	Latin	Cyrillic	Latin
аччыктааһын	aččïktahïn	аштаар	aštaar	açlık	ochlik	hunger	ölüsgüleŋ ᠥᠯᠥᠰᠬᠦᠯᠡᠩ
аччык	aččïk	аш	aš	aç	och	hungry
аат	aat	ат	at	ad	ot	name
балык	balïk	балык	balïk	balık	baliq	fish
балыксыт	balïksït	балыкчы	balïkčï	balıkçı	baliqchi	fisherman	jiğasuçi ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤᠴᠢ
yy	uu	суг	sug	su	suv	water	usu ᠤᠰᠤ
тимир	timir	демир	demir	demir	temir	iron	temür ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ
күөл	küöl	хөл	khöl	göl	ko‘l	lake	na'ur ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ
атах	atax		adaḳ	ayak	oyoq	foot
мурун	murun	думчук	dumčuk	burun	burun	nose
баттах	battax	дүк	dük	saç	soch	hair	üsü ᠦᠰᠦ
илии	ilii	хол	khol	el	qo‘l	hand
күн	kün	хүн	khün	gün	kun	day, sun
муус	muus	дош	doš	buz	muz	ice	mösü ᠮᠥᠰᠥ
ыт	ït	ыт	ït	it	it	dog
сүрэх	sürex	чүрек	čürek	yürek	yurak	heart	jirüke ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ
сарсын	sarsïn	даарта, эртен	daarta, erten	yarın	ertaga	tomorrow
бүгүн	bügün	бөгүн	bögün	bugün	bugun	today
былыт	bïlït	булут	bulut	bulut	bulut	cloud
хаар	xaar	хар	khar	kar	qor	snow
хаан	xaan	хан	khan	kan	qon	blood
эт	et	эът	èt	et	et	meat
тиис	tiis	диш	tiš	diş	tish	tooth
ат	at	аът	àt	at	ot	horse
таас	taas	даш	daš	taş	tosh	stone
үүт	üüt	сүт	süt	süt	sut	milk	sün ᠰᠦᠨ
ынах	ïnax	инек	inek	inek	inak/sigir	cow
хара	xara	кара	kara	kara	qora	black	qar-a ᠬᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ
сыттык	sïttïk	сыртык	sïrtïk	yastık	yostiq	pillow
быһах	bïhax	бижек	bižek	bıçak	pichoq	knife
бытык	bïtïk			bıyık	mo‘ylov	mustache
кыс, кыһын	kïs, kïhïn	кыш	kïš	kış, kışın	qish	winter
туус	tuus	дус	dus	tuz	tuz	salt
тыл	tïl	дыл	dïl	dil	til	tongue, language	kele ᠬᠡᠯᠡ
cаха тылa	saxa tïla	Саха дыл, Якут дыл	Sakha dïl, Yakut dïl	saha dili, sahaca	yoqut tili, yoqutcha	Yakut language
кыыс	kïïs	кыс	kïs	kız	qiz	girl, daughter
уол	uol	оол, оглу	ool, oglu	oğul, oğlan	o‘g‘il	son, boy
үөрэтээччи	üöreteečči	башкы	baškï	öğretici, öğretmen	o‘qituvchi	teacher
үөрэнээччи	üöreneečči	өөреникчи	öörenikči	öğrenci, talebe	o‘quvchi, talaba	student
уһун	uhun	узун	uzun	uzun	uzun	long, tall
кулгаах	kulgaax	кулак	kulak	kulak	quloq	ear
сыл	sïl	чыл, хар	čïl, khar	yıl	yil	year	jil ᠵᠢᠯ
киһи	kihi	кижи	kiži	kişi	kishi	human, man	kümün ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ
суол	suol	орук	oruk	yol	yo‘l	road, way
асчыт	asčït	белеткээр	beletkeer	aşçı	oshchi, oshpaz	cook
тараах	taraax	дыргак	dïrgak	tarak	taroq	comb
орто	orto	орта	orta	orta	o‘rta	middle
күн ортото	kün ortoto	дүш, дүъш, дүъште	düš, dǜš, dǜšte	gün ortası	kun o‘rtasi	midday, noon
күл	kül	хүлүмзүрүүр	khülümzürüür	gülmek	kulmoq	to laugh; to smile
өл	öl	өлүр	ölür	ölmek	o‘lmoq	to die
ис	is	ижер	ižer	içmek	ichmoq	to drink
бил	bil	билир	bilir	bilmek	bilmoq	to know
көр	kör	көөр (көр-)	köör (kör-)	görmek	ko‘rmoq	to see	qara ᠬᠠᠷᠠ
үөрэн	üören	өөренир	öörenir	öğrenmek	o‘rganmoq	to learn
үөрэт	üöret	өөредир	ööredir	öğretmek	o‘rgatmoq	to teach
ытыр	ïtïr	ызырар	ïzïrar	ısırmak	tishlamoq	to bite
хас	xas	казар	kazar	kazmak	qozmoq, qazmoq	to dig
тик	tik	даараар	daaraar	dikiş dikmek, dikmek	tikmoq	to sew
кэл	kel	келир	kelir	gelmek	kelmoq	to come
салаа	salaa	чылгаар	čïlgaar	yalamak	yalamoq	to lick
тараа	taraa			taramak	taramoq	to comb
биэр	bier	бээр	beer	vermek	bermoq	to give
бул	bul	тывар	tïvar	bulmak	topmoq	to find
диэ	die	дe-, дi-	de-, di-	demek	demoq, aytmoq	to say
киир	kiir	кирер	kirer	girmek	kirmoq	to enter
иһит	ihit	дыңнаар	dïŋnaar	işitmek	eshitmoq	to hear
ас	as	ажар	ažar	açmak	ochmoq	to open
тут	tut	тудар	tudar	tutmak	tutmoq	to hold
ый	ïy	ай	ay	ay	oy	moon
ыйытыы	ïyïtïï	айтырыг	aytïrïg	soru	savol	question
кыайыы	kïayïï	тиилелге	tiilelge	zafer	g‘alaba	victory

Numerals

Old Turkic	Turkish	Uzbek	Tuvan	Yakut	English
bir	bir	bir	bir	biir	one
eki	iki	ikki	iyi	ikki	two
üç	üç	uch	üş	üs	three
tört	dört	tŏrt	dört	tüört	four
beş	beş	besh	beş	bies	five
altı	altı	olti	aldı	alta	six
yeti	yedi	yetti	çedi	sette	seven
sekiz	sekiz	sakkiz	ses	aɣïs	eight
tokuz	dokuz	tŏqqiz	tos	toɣus	nine
on	on	ŏn	on	uon	ten

Oral and written literature

The Yakut have a tradition of oral epic in their language called "Olonkho", traditionally performed by skilled performers. The subject matter is based on Yakut mythology and legends. Versions of many Olonkho poems have been written down and translated since the 19th century, but only a very few older performers of the oral Olonkho tradition are still alive. They have begun a program to teach young people to sing this in their language and revive it, though in a modified form.[43]

The first printing in Yakut was a part of a book by Nicolaas Witsen published in 1692 in Amsterdam.[44]

In 2005, Marianne Beerle-Moor, director of the Institute for Bible Translation, Russia/CIS, was awarded the Order of Civil Valour by the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the translation of the New Testament into Yakut.[45]

Examples

Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Novgorodov's alphabet 1920–1929. (Latin alphabet/IPA)	зɔn barɯta beje sltatɯgar nna bɯra:bɯgar teŋ blan try:ller. kiniler barɯ rk:n jd:q, sbasta:q blan try:ller, nna beje bejeleriger tɯlga ki:riniges bɯhɯ:lara dɔʃɔrdɔhu: tɯ:nna:q blqta:q.
Latin alphabet 1929—1939. (Yañalif)	Çon вarьta вeje suoltatьgar uonna вьraaвьgar teꞑ вuolan tɵryyller. Kiniler вarь ɵrkɵn ɵjdɵɵq, suoвastaaq вuolan tɵryyller, uonna вeje вejeleriger tьlga kiiriniges вьhььlara doƣordohuu tььnnaaq вuoluoqtaaq.
Modern Cyrillic 1939—present.	Дьон барыта бэйэ суолтатыгар уонна быраабыгар тэҥ буолан төрүүллэр. Кинилэр бары өркөн өйдөөх, суобастаах буолан төрүүллэр, уонна бэйэ бэйэлэригэр тылга кииринигэс быһыылара доҕордоһуу тыыннаах буолуохтаах.
Romanization	J̌on barïta beye suoltatïgar uonna bïraabïgar teŋ buolan törüüller. Kiniler barï örkön öydööx, suobastaax buolan törüüller, uonna beye beyeleriger tïlga kiiriniges bïsïïlara doɣordohuu tïïnnax buoluoxtaax.
English	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

• Yakuts
• Dolgan language
• Semyon Novgorodov – the inventor of the first IPA-based Yakut alphabet

References

Bibliography

• Anderson, Gregory D. S. (1998). "Historical Aspects of Yakut (Saxa) Phonology". Turkic Languages. Vol. 2, no. 2. pp. 1–32.
• Antonov, N. K. (1997). Tenshev, E. R. (ed.). Yazyki mira (seriya knig). Indrik (izdatelstvo). pp. 513–524. ISBN 5-85759-061-2. (in Russian)
• Baker, Mark C; Vinokurova, Nadya (2010). "Two modalities of case assignment: case in Sakha". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. No. 28. p. 5930642.
• Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521477710.
• Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20, 24.
• Kharitonov, L. N. (1947). Samouchitel' jakutskogo jazyka. Jakutskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo. (in Russian)
• Kirişçioğlu, M. Fatih (1999). Saha (Yakut) Türkçesi Grameri. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. ISBN 975-16-0587-3. (in Turkish)
• Krueger, John R. (1962). Yakut Manual. Bloomington: Indiana U Press.
• Menz, Astrid; Monastyrev, Vladimir (2022). "Yakut". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic Languages: Second Edition. Routledge. pp. 444–59. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 978-0-415-73856-9. S2CID 243795171.
• Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (2020). "Romanization Conventions". In Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. lii–lxxxii.
• Pakendorf, Brigitte (2007). Contact in the prehistory of the Sakha (Yakuts): Linguistic and genetic perspectives (Thesis). Universiteit Leiden.
• Pakendorf, Brigitte; Stapert, Eugénie (2020). "Sakha and Dolgan, the North Siberian Turkic Languages". In Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 430–45. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0027. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8.
• Petrova, Nyurguyana (2011). Lexicon and Clause-Linkage Properties of the Converbal Constructions in Sakha (Yakut) (Thesis). University of Buffalo.
• Stachowski, Marek; Menz, Astrid (1998). "Yakut". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge.
• Ubryatova, E.I., ed. (1980). Grammatika sovremennogo jakutskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.
• Vinokurova, Nadezhda (2005). Lexical Categories and Argument Structure: A study with reference to Sakha (Thesis). Universiteit Utrecht.

External links

Language-related

• Yakut Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
• Yakut thematic vocabulary lists
• "Comparison of Yakut and Mongolian vocabulary". Archived from the original on February 5, 2008.
• Yakut texts with Russian translations in the Internet Archive – heroic poetry, fairy tales, legends, proverbs, etc.
• Sakhalyy suruk – Yakut Unicode fonts and Keyboard Layouts for PC
• Sakhatyla.ru – On-line Yakut–Russian, Russian–Yakut dictionary
• Yakut–English Dictionary Archived April 2, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
• BGN/PCGN romanization tool for Yakut
• Sakha Open World Archived 2006-06-19 at the Wayback Machine – MP3's of Sakha Radio

Content in Yakut

• Sakha Open World – Орто Дойду Archived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine – A platform to promote the Yakut Language on the web; News, Lyrics, Music, Fonts, Forum, VideoNews (in Yakut, Unicode)
• Baayaga village website – news and stories about and by the people of Baayaga (in Yakut)
• Kyym.ru – site of Yakut newspaper
• НВК Саха (NVK Sakha) Yakut language news channel on YouTube

На других языках

---

[de] Jakutische Sprache

Die jakutische Sprache (jakutisch Саха тыла ‚Sacha tyla‘) ist eine Sprache aus der Gruppe der nordöstlichen Turksprachen (auch „sibirische Turksprachen“ genannt), die von etwa 450.000 Menschen als Muttersprache gesprochen wird. Sie nimmt innerhalb der Gruppe der Turksprachen eine Sonderstellung ein, da sie auf der einen Seite viele Merkmale des Alttürkischen und auf der anderen Seite Merkmale der benachbarten, aber nicht nahe verwandten mongolischen und tungusischen Sprachen aufweist.

---

- [en] Yakut language

---

[es] Idioma yakuto

El yakuto o yakutio (cirílico: саха тыла, latino: saja tyla) es un idioma hablado en la República de Sajá, en Rusia. Es una lengua muy divergente de las otras lenguas túrquicas, aunque no tanto como el chuvasio, como resultado de una larga separación del cuerpo principal de hablantes túrquicos y la influencia de las vecinas lenguas tungús y mongólicas.

---

[fr] Iakoute

Le iakoute ou yakoute (Саха тыла / sakha tyla en iakoute) est une langue appartenant à la famille des langues turques. Il est parlé par les Iakoutes en Sibérie, plus précisément en république de Sakha, aussi appelée Iakoutie.

---

[it] Lingua sacha

La lingua sacha (Саха тыла, Saqa tıla) o jacuta[1] (variamente translitterata iacuta, iakuta, jacuta, jakuta, yacuta, yakuta) è una lingua turca parlata in Russia, nella Sacha-Jacuzia.

---

[ru] Якутский язык

Яку́тский язы́к (самоназвание — саха тыла) — национальный язык якутов, являющийся, наряду с русским, одним из официальных языков Республики Саха (Якутия) и относящийся к тюркской семье языков, в которой образует отдельную ветвь[2].

---

---