lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Kumyk (къумукъ тил,[2] qumuq til,[3] قموق تيل[4][5]) is a Turkic language spoken by about 426,212 people, mainly by the Kumyks, in the Dagestan, North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation.[6]^{[better source needed]} Until the 20th century Kumyk was the lingua-franca of the Northern Caucasus.

Kumyk
къумукъ тил (qumuq til)
Native to	North Caucasus
Region	Dagestan, Chechnya, North Ossetia
Ethnicity	Kumyks
Native speakers	450,000 (2010 census)[1]
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Kypchak Kypchak–Cuman Kumyk
Writing system	Cyrillic, Latin, Arabic
Official status
Official language in	Dagestan (Russia)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	kum
ISO 639-3	kum
Glottolog	kumy1244
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Classification

Kumyk language belongs to the Kipchak-Cuman subfamily of the Kipchak family of the Turkic languages. It's a descendant of the Cuman language, with likely influence from the Khazar language,[7] and in addition contains words from the Bulghar and Oghuz substratum.[7] The closest languages to Kumyk are Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, and Karaim languages.[8]

Nikolay Baskakov, based on a 12th century scripture named Codex Cumanicus, included modern Kumyk, Karachai-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, Karaim, and the language of Mamluk Kipchaks in the linguistic family of the Cuman-Kipchak language. Samoylovich also considered Cuman-Kipchak close to Kumyk and Karachai-Balkar.[9]

Amongst the dialects of the Kumyk there are Kaitag, Terek (Güçük-yurt and Braguny), Buynaksk (Temir-Khan-Shura) and Xasavyurt. The latter two became basis for the literary language.[10]

History

Kumyk had been a lingua-franca of the bigger part of the Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan to Kabarda, until the 1930s[11][12][13] and was an official language of communication between the North-Eastern Caucasian nations and the Russian administration.[14]

In 1848, a professor of the "Caucasian Tatar" (Kumyk) Timofey Makarov published the first ever grammatical book in Russian language for one of the Northern Caucasian languages, which was international Kumyk. Makarov wrote:[15]

From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're conducting military actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk.

More than 90% of the Kumyks, according to 2010 census, also speak Russian, and those in Turkey and the Levant speak Turkish and Arabic.^{[citation needed]}

Phonology

Kumyk vowels

	Front		Back
Close	i ⟨и⟩	y ⟨уь⟩	ɯ ⟨ы⟩	u ⟨у⟩
Mid	e ⟨e⟩	ø ⟨оь⟩	o ⟨o⟩
Open	æ ⟨ә⟩		a ⟨a⟩

Kumyk consonants

		Labial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m ⟨м⟩	n ⟨н⟩		ŋ ⟨нг⟩	(ɴ) ⟨нг⟩
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p ⟨п⟩	t ⟨т⟩	tʃ ⟨ч⟩	k ⟨к⟩	q ⟨къ⟩[lower-alpha 1]
	voiced	b ⟨б⟩	d ⟨д⟩	dʒ ⟨дж⟩	ɡ ⟨г⟩	(ɢ) ⟨къ⟩[lower-alpha 1]
Fricative	voiceless	f ⟨ф⟩	s ⟨c⟩	ʃ ⟨ш⟩		χ ⟨x⟩	h ⟨гь⟩
	voiced	β ⟨в⟩	z ⟨з⟩	ʒ ⟨ж⟩		ʁ ⟨гъ⟩
Liquid	rhotic		r ⟨p⟩
	lateral		l ⟨л⟩
Semivowel				j ⟨й⟩

Orthography

Kumyk has been used as a literary language in Dagestan and Caucasus for some time.^[when?] During the 20th century the writing system of the language was changed twice: in 1929, the traditional Arabic script (called ajam) was first replaced by a Latin script, which was then replaced in 1938 by a Cyrillic script.

Latin based alphabet (1927–1937)

A a	B b	C c	Ç ç	D d	E e	F f	G g
Ƣ ƣ	H h	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m	N n
Ꞑ ꞑ	O o	Ɵ ɵ	P p	Q q	R r	S s	Ꞩ ꞩ
T t	U u	V v	X x	Y y	Z z	Ƶ ƶ	Ь ь

Cyrillic based alphabet (since 1937)

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Гъ гъ	Гь гь	Д д	Е е
Ё ё	Ж ж	З з	И и	Й й	К к	Къ къ	Л л
М м	Н н	Нг нг	О о	Оь оь	П п	Р р	С с
Т т	У у	Уь уь	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш
Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы	Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я

Literature and media

Irchi Kazak (Ийрчы Къазакъ Yırçı Qazaq; born 1839) is usually considered to be the greatest poet of the Kumyk language. The first regular Kumyk newspapers and magazines appeared in 1917–18 under the editorship of Kumyk poet, writer, translator, and theatre figure Temirbolat Biybolatov (Temirbolat Biybolat). Currently, the newspaper Ёлдаш (Yoldash, "Companion"), the successor of the Soviet-era Ленин ёлу (Lenin yolu, "Lenin's Path"), prints around 5,000 copies 3 times a week.^{[citation needed]}

The Kumyk language was learned by Russian classical authors such as Leo Tolstoy[17] and Mikhail Lermontov,[18] both of whom served in the Caucasus. The language is present in such works of Tolstoy as "The Raid",[19] Cossacks,[20] Hadji Murat, and Lermontov's - "A Hero of Our Time",[21][18] Bestuzhev-Marlinsky's - "Molla-nur" and "Ammalat-bek".

Bibliography

• Saodat Doniyorova and Toshtemirov Qahramonil. Parlons Koumyk. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2004. ISBN 2-7475-6447-9.

References

External links

• Kumyks video and music
• Kumyk language newspaper "Ёлдаш" published in Dagestan
• Kumyk language on the website "Minority languages of Russia on the Net"
• Russian-Kumyk dictionary (1960)
• Holy Scriptures in the Kumyk language
• Kumyk information portal kumukia.com

На других языках

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[de] Kumykische Sprache

Die kumykische Sprache (Eigenbezeichnung: къумукъ тили /qumuq tili/) oder kurz Kumykisch ist eine kiptschakische Sprache der pontisch-kaspischen Untergruppe. Als solche gehört diese Sprache zu den Turksprachen.[2]

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- [en] Kumyk language

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[es] Idioma cumuco

El cumuco es una lengua túrquica, hablada por alrededor de 450 000 personas (los cumucos) en la República de Daguestán, el norte de Chechenia y Osetia del Norte, en Rusia.

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[fr] Koumyk

Le koumyk est une langue turque parlée dans la république du Daghestan, en Russie. Des locuteurs en nombre plus réduit se trouvent dans les républiques voisines d'Ossétie du Nord, de Tchétchénie et d'Ingouchie. Au recensement soviétique de 1989, 97,4 % des 282 000 personnes s'étant déclarées Koumyks parlaient la langue[1].

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[it] Lingua cumucca

La lingua cumucca è una lingua turca parlata nella Federazione Russa, nella repubblica del Daghestan.

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[ru] Кумыкский язык

Кумы́кский язы́к (самоназвание — къумукъ тил / qumuq til[4] / قموق تيل[5][6]) — язык кумыков, распространённый в Дагестане, на северо-востоке Чечни и в Моздокском районе Северной Осетии. Относится к кыпчакской группе тюркских языков. Число говорящих — около 450-500 тысяч человек.

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