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Kazakh or Qazaq (Latin: qazaqşa or qazaq tılı, Cyrillic: қазақша or қазақ тілі, Arabic Script: قازاقشا or قازاق تيلي, pronounced [qɑzɑqˈɕɑ], [qɑˈzɑq tɪˈlɪ]) is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak. It is the official language of Kazakhstan and a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, north-western China and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia. The language is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian Census), Germany, and Turkey.

Kazakh
Qazaq
қазақша or қазақ тілі قازاقشا or قازاق تيلي qazaqşa or qazaq tılı
Kazakh in Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic scripts.
Pronunciation	[qɑzɑqˈɕɑ] [qɑˈzɑq tɪˈlɪ]
Native to	Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan
Region	Central Asia (Turkestan)
Ethnicity	Kazakhs
Native speakers	17.8 million (2009)[1]
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak Kipchak–Nogai Kazakh
Writing system	Kazakh alphabets (Cyrillic script, Latin script, Arabic script, Kazakh Braille)
Official status
Official language in	Kazakhstan Russia Altai Republic[2] China Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County Mori Kazakh Autonomous County Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County Organisations: Organization of Turkic States Collective Security Treaty Organization
Regulated by	Ministry of Culture and Sports
Language codes
ISO 639-1	kk
ISO 639-2	kaz
ISO 639-3	kaz
Glottolog	kaza1248
Linguasphere	44-AAB-cc
The Kazakh-speaking world:   regions where Kazakh is the language of the majority   regions where Kazakh is the language of a significant minority
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony. Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups, Northeastern Kazakh, the most widely spoken variety which also serves as the basis for the standard language, Southern Kazakh and Western Kazakh. The language share a degree of mutual intelligiblity with closely related Karakalpak while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligbility with Altai languages.

In October 2017, Kazakhstani president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the Turkish alphabet, though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031.

Geographic distribution

Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs) are spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook[3] on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers).[4]

In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang.[5]

History

The first people to inhabit the territory of modern Kazakhstan were the Scythians, who were of Iranian descent. The Göktürks migrated into the area in the sixth century AD and conquered much of the Scythian homeland, which led to the Turkification of the region. In the 12th century AD, the Kimeks later succeeded the Göktürks and also introduced a new Turkic tongue to the Kazakh steppe.

The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which Kazakh is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the Golden Horde, whose inhabitants fully spread Islam and the closest predecessor of the Kazakh language to the Kazakh steppe. The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the Sunni Muslim Kazakh Khanate. Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in the Golden Horde.

As a language associated with a predominantly Muslim culture, Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from Persian and Arabic due to the frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Additionally, Persian was a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate, which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums, and served as a language exclusively for religious contexts.

The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Ahmed Baytursinuli reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s in an effort to thoroughly Russianize them. Today, Kazakhs use the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic scripts to write their language.

Writing system

The oldest known written records of languages closely related to Kazakh were written in the Old Turkic alphabet, though it is not believed that any of these varieties were direct predecessors of Kazakh.[6] Modern Kazakh, going back approximately one thousand years, was written in the Arabic script until 1929, when Soviet authorities introduced a Latin-based alphabet, and then a Cyrillic alphabet in 1940.[7]

Nazarbayev first brought up the topic of using the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet as the official script for Kazakh in Kazakhstan in October 2006.[8][9] A Kazakh government study released in September 2007 said that a switch to a Latin script over a 10- to 12-year period was feasible, at a cost of $300 million.[10] The transition was halted temporarily on 13 December 2007, with President Nazarbayev declaring: "For 70 years the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state. Thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation."[11] However, on 30 January 2015, the Minister of Culture and Sports Arystanbek Muhamediuly announced that a transition plan was underway, with specialists working on the orthography to accommodate the phonological aspects of the language.[12] In presenting this strategic plan in April 2017, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev described the twentieth century as a period in which the "Kazakh language and culture have been devastated".[7]

Nazarbayev ordered Kazakh authorities to create a Latin Kazakh alphabet by the end of 2017, so written Kazakh could return to a Latin script starting in 2018.[13][14] As of 2018^[update], Kazakh is written in Cyrillic in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, in Latin in Kazakhstan, while more than one million Kazakh speakers in China use an Arabic-derived alphabet similar to the one that is used to write Uyghur.[6]

On 26 October 2017, Nazarbayev issued Presidential Decree 569 for the change to a finalized Latin variant of the Kazakh alphabet and ordered that the government's transition to this alphabet be completed by 2025,[15][16] a decision taken to emphasise Kazakh culture after the era of Soviet rule[17] and to facilitate the use of digital devices.[18] However, the initial decision to use a novel orthography employing apostrophes, which make the use of many popular tools for searching and writing text difficult, generated controversy.[19]

Therefore, on 19 February 2018, the Presidential Decree 637 was issued in which the use of apostrophes was discontinued and replaced with the use of diacritics and digraphs, making Kazakh the second Turkic language to use <ch> and <sh> after the Uzbek government adapted them in their version of the Latin alphabet..[20][21] However, many citizens state that the officially introduced alphabet needs further improvements.

In 2020, the President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev called for another revision of the Latin alphabet with a focus on preserving the original sounds and pronunciation of the Kazakh language.[22][23] This revision, presented to the public in November 2019^{[contradictory]} by academics from the Baitursynov Institute of Linguistics and specialists belonging to the official working group on script transition, uses umlauts, breves and cedillas instead of digraphs and acute accents, and introduces spelling changes in order to reflect more accurately the phonology of Kazakh.[24] This revision is a slightly modified version of the Turkish alphabet, dropping the letters C Ç and having four additional letters that do not exist in Turkish: Ä, Q, Ñ and Ū.

In February 2021, Kazakhstan reaffirmed its plans for a gradual transition to a Latin-based Kazakh alphabet through the year 2031.[25]

The Arabic script for Kazakh remains in official use in China and other regions where Kazakh is spoken outside of Kazakhstan and Russia. Unlike the basic Arabic alphabet, which is more properly called an abjad, the adapted Kazakh Arabic script is a true alphabet, with individual characters for each sound in the language.

Comparison using article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Cyrillic	Arabic	2021 Latin	English translation
Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді.	برليق ادمدر توميسينن ازت جانه قدير قسيهتي من قوقيقتري تهݣ بوليپ دونيهگه كهلهدي.‎	Barlyq adamdar tumysynan azat jäne qadır-qasietı men qūqyqtary teñ bolyp düniege keledı.	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген,	ادمدرع اقيل پرست، ار ئجدن بهريلگهن ،‎	Adamdarğa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berılgen,	They are endowed with reason and conscience
сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс.	سونديقتن ئلر بير بيريمهن تويستيق، بويرملديق قريم قتينس جسولري تيس .‎	sondyqtan olar bır-bırımen tuystyq, bauyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaulary tiıs.	and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Phonology

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels /e/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/ and not /ɑ/, and happens in the next syllables.[26] Thus, (in Latin script) jūldyz ‘star’, bügın ‘today’, and ülken ‘big’ are actually pronounced as jūldūz, bügün, ülkön.

Consonants

The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh;[27] many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loan-words. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. The phonemes /f, v, x, t͡ɕ, t͡s/ only occur in recent borrowings, mostly from Russian (/t͡s/ rarely appears in normal speech). Kazakh has 17 native consonant phonemes; these are the stops /p, b, t, d, k, g, d͡ʑ/, fricatives /s, z, ɕ, ʑ/, nasals /m, n, ŋ/, liquids /r, l/, and two glides /w, j/.[28]

Kazakh consonant phonemes[29]

		Labials	Alveolar	(Alveolo-) palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal		m ⟨м/m⟩	n ⟨н/n⟩		ŋ ⟨ң/ñ⟩
Stop/ Affricate	voiceless	p ⟨п/p⟩	t ⟨т/t⟩	t͡ɕ ⟨ч/ç⟩	k ⟨к/k⟩	q ⟨қ/q⟩
	voiced	b ⟨б/b⟩	d ⟨д/d⟩	d͡ʑ ⟨ж/j⟩	ɡ ⟨г/g⟩
Fricative	voiceless	f ⟨ф/f⟩	s ⟨с/s⟩	ɕ ⟨ш/ş⟩		χ ⟨х/h⟩
	voiced	v ⟨в/v⟩	z ⟨з/z⟩	ʑ ⟨ж/zh⟩		ʁ ⟨ғ/ğ⟩
Approximant			l ⟨л/l⟩	j ⟨й/i⟩	w ⟨у/u⟩
Tap			ɾ ⟨р/r⟩

In addition, /q/, /ɡ/, and /b/ are lenited intervocalically (between vowels) to [χ], [ɣ], and [β].^{[citation needed]} In loanwords, voiced stops syllable-finally become devoiced.[26]

• These consonants, given in IPA above, demonstrate certain changes from their Turkic counterparts, changes that are in general principled. Four such patterns are immediately recognizable: (i) Turkic /t͡ɕ/ corresponds to Kazakh /ɕ/, e.g. /qat͡ɕ/ to /qaɕ/ ‘run away’; (ii) Turkic /ɕ/ in turn corresponds to Kazakh /s/ in final position, e.g. /tyɕ/ to /tys/ ‘fall down’; (iii) Turkic /j/ corresponds to /d͡ʑ/ in initial position, e.g. /jaz/ to /d͡ʑaz/ ‘write’ and, (iv) Turkic /ɣ/ corresponds to Kazakh /w/ in final position /aɣ/ to /aw/ ‘net’ (see also Krueger 1980, Johanson 2009).[28]

Vowels

Kazakh has a system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the /æ/ sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period.[30] The mid vowels "e, ө, о" are diphthongised with onsets [j͡ɪ, w͡ʉ, w͡ʊ].[29]

According to Vajda, the front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root.[29]

Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets.

Kazakh vowel phonemes

	Front (Advanced tongue root)	Central (Relaxed tongue root)	Back (Retracted tongue root)
Close	ɪ̞ ⟨і/ı⟩	ʉ ⟨ү/ü⟩	o̙ ⟨ұ/ū⟩
Diphthong	je̘ ⟨е/ie⟩	əj ⟨и/i⟩	ʊw ⟨у/u⟩
Mid	e ⟨э/e⟩	ə ⟨ы/y⟩	o̞ ⟨о/o⟩
Open	æ̝ ⟨ә/ä⟩	ɵ ⟨ө/ö⟩	ɑ̝ ⟨а/a⟩

Kazakh vowels by their pronunciation

	Front and central		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	ɪ̞ ⟨і/ı⟩	ʏ̞ ⟨ү/ü⟩	ə ⟨ы/y⟩	ʊ̞ ⟨ұ/ū⟩
Open	e ⟨э/e⟩ / æ ⟨ә/ä⟩	ɵ ⟨ө/ö⟩	ɑ̝ ⟨а/a⟩	o̞ ⟨о/o⟩

Vowel harmony

Like almost all Turkic languages, Kazakh has vowel harmony (sometimes called "hard and soft vowels"). That is, syllables containing back vowels can only be followed by ones containing back vowels, and vice versa. Phonologically, i, u, and yu may depend on preceding or succeeding vowels, if the vowels are back, these are pronounced [əj, ʊw, jʊw], and if the vowels are front, these are pronounced [ɪj, ʉw, jʉw]. When not preceded or succeeded by other vowels, the three letters are usually pronounced [ɪj, ʊw, jʊw] (except in the case of mi/ми "brain" where they are pronounced as [-əj-]).[31]

Back vowels	Front vowels
a а	e е/э
o о	ö ө
ū ұ	ü ү
y ы	i і
Miscellaneous
ia я	ä ә
io ё
u [ʊw] у	[ʉw]
i [əj] и	[ɪj]
iu [jʊw] ю	[jʉw]
Rows in purple represents vowels that exist in suffixes.

Back vowels caused preceding -k-/-к- and -g-/-г- to be pronounced as -q-/-қ- and -ğ-/-ғ- in suffixes, respectively (-ğa/-ға vs. -ge/-ге "dative case suffix").

Stress

Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except:[32]

• When counting objects, numbers are stressed in the first syllable, but stressed in the last syllable in collective numbers suffixed by -eu (bıreu, altau from bır, alty):

bir, ekı, üş, tört, bes, alty, jetı, ...

one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, ...

• Definite and negative pronouns are stressed in the first syllable:

bärıne eşkımge

to everyone, to no one

Morphology and syntax

Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization.[33] Inflectional and derivational morphology, both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in the form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language.[6]

Declension of nouns[6]

Case	Morpheme	Possible forms	keme "ship"	aua "air"	şelek "bucket"	säbız "carrot"	bas "head"	tūz "salt"	qan "blood"	kün "day"
Nom	—	—	keme	aua	şelek	säbız	bas	tūz	qan	kün
Acc	-ny	-nı, -ny, -dı, -dy, -tı, -ty	kemenı	auany	şelektı	säbızdı	basty	tūzdy	qandy	kündı
Gen	-nyñ	-nıñ, -nyñ, -dıñ, -dyñ, -tıñ, -tyñ	kemenıñ	auanyñ	şelektıñ	säbızdıñ	bastyñ	tūzdyñ	qannyñ	künnıñ
Dat	-ga	-ge, -ğa, -ke, -qa	kemege	auağa	şelekke	säbızge	basqa	tūzğa	qanğa	künge
Loc	-da	-de, -da, -te, -ta	kemede	auada	şelekte	säbızde	basta	tūzda	qanda	künde
Abl	-dan	-den, -dan, -ten, -tan, -nen, -nan	kemeden	auadan	şelekten	säbızden	bastan	tūzdan	qannan	künnen
Inst	-men	-men(en), -ben(en), -pen(en)	kememen	auamen	şelekpen	säbızben	baspen	tūzben	qanmen	künmen

Pronouns

There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh:

Personal pronouns[6]

		Singular	Plural
1st person		Men	Bız
2nd person	informal	sen	sender
	formal	sız	sızder
3rd person		ol	olar

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.[6]

Number	Singular				Plural
Person	1st	2nd		3rd	1st	2nd		3rd
		Familiar	Polite			Familiar	Polite
Nominative	men	sen	sız	ol	bız	sender	sızder	olar
Genitive	menıñ	senıñ	sızdıñ	onyñ	bızdıñ	senderdıñ	sızderdıñ	olardyñ
Dative	mağan	sağan	sızge	oğan	bızge	senderge	sızderge	olarğa
Accusative	menı	senı	sızdı	ony	bızdı	senderdı	sızderdı	olardy
Locative	mende	sende	sızde	onda	bızde	senderde	sızderde	olarda
Ablative	menen	senen	sızden	odan	bızden	senderden	sızderden	olardan
Instrumental	menımen	senımen	sızben	onymen	bızben	sendermen	sızdermen	olarmen

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.[6]

Morphemes indicating person[6]

	Pronouns	Copulas	Possessive endings	Past/Conditional
1st sg	men	-mın	-(ı)m	-(ı)m
2nd sg	sen	-sı	-(ı)ñ	-(ı)ñ
3rd sg	ol	-/-dır	-	—
1st pl	bız	-bız	-(ı)mız	-(ı)k/-(y)q
2nd sng formal & pl	sız	-sız	-(ı)ıñız	-(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz
3rd pl	olar	-/-dır	—	—

Tense, aspect and mood

Kazakh may express different combinations of tense, aspect and mood through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries "otyr" (sit), "tūr" (stand), "jür" (go) and "jat" (lie), encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару (go) and келу (come) may not combine with "otyr". Any verb, however, can combine with "jat" (lie) to get a progressive tense meaning.[6]

Progressive aspect in the present tense[6]

Kazakh	Aspect	English translation
Men jeimın	non-progressive	"I (will) eat [every day]."
Men jeudemın	progressive	"I am eating [right now]."
Men jep otyrmyn	progressive/durative	"I am [sitting and] eating." / "I have been eating."
Men jep tūrmyn	progressive/punctual	"I am [in the middle of] eating [this very minute]."
Men jep jürmın	habitual	"I eat [lunch, everyday]"

While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion:[6]

Selectional restrictions on Kazakh auxiliaries[6]

Sentence	Auxiliary Used
Suda water-LOC balyq fish jüzedı swim-PRES-3 Suda balyq jüzedı water-LOC fish swim-PRES-3 "Fish swim in water" (general statement)	∅ (present/future tense used)
Suda water-LOC balyq fish jüzıp swim-CVB jatyr AUX.3 Suda balyq jüzıp jatyr water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3 "The/A fish is swimming in the water"	jat－ to lie, general marker for progressive aspect.
Suda water-LOC balyq fish jüzıp swim-CVB jür AUX.3 Suda balyq jüzıp jür water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3 "The fish is swimming [as it always does] in the water"	jür – "go", dynamic/habitual/iterative
Suda water-LOC balyq fish jüzıp swim-CVB tūr AUX.3 Suda balyq jüzıp tūr water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3 "The fish is swimming in the water"	tūr – "stand", progressive marker to show the swimming is punctual
*   Suda water-LOC balyq fish jüzıp swim-CVB otyr AUX.3 * Suda balyq jüzıp otyr {} water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3 *The fish has been swimming Not a possible sentence of Kazakh	otyr – "sit", ungrammatical in this sentence, otyr can only be used for verbs that are stative in nature

In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings. For example, the pattern -yp köru, with the auxiliary verb köru (see), indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the Japanese てみる temiru construction).[6]

Annotated text with gloss

From the first stanza of "Menıñ Qazaqstanym" ("My Kazakhstan"), the national anthem of Kazakhstan:

Менің Қазақстаным	Men-ıŋ Qazaqstan-ym
Алтын күн аспаны	Altyn gold kün sun aspan-y sky-3.POSS Altyn kün aspan-y gold sun sky-3.POSS Golden sun of the sky
[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈt̪ə̃ŋ‿kʰʏ̞̃n̪ ɑ̝s̪pɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə]
Алтын дән даласы	Altyn gold dän grain dala-sy steppe-3.POSS Altyn dän dala-sy gold grain steppe-3.POSS Golden grain of the steppe
[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈt̪ə̃n̪ d̪æ̝̃n̪ d̪ɑ̝ɫ̪ɑ̝ˈs̪ə]
Ерліктің дастаны	Erlık-tıñ courage legend-GEN dastan-y epic-3.POSS-NOM Erlık-tıñ dastan-y {courage legend-GEN} epic-3.POSS-NOM The legend of courage
[je̘r̪l̪ɪ̞k̚ˈt̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ d̪ɑ̝s̪t̪ɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə]
Еліме қарашы!	El-ım-e country-1SG.ACC qara-şy look-IMP El-ım-e qara-şy country-1SG.ACC look-IMP Look at my country!
[je̘l̪ɪ̞̃ˈmʲe̘ qʰɑ̝r̪ɑ̝ˈʃə]
Ежелден ер деген	Ejel-den antiquity-ABL er hero de-gen say-PTCP.PST Ejel-den er de-gen antiquity-ABL hero say-PTCP.PST Called heroes since ancient times
[je̘ʒʲe̘l̪ʲˈd̪ʲẽ̘n̪ je̘r̪ d̪ʲe̘ˈɡʲẽ̘n̪]
Даңқымыз шықты ғой	Dañq-ymyz glory-1PL.POSS.NOM şyq-ty emerge-PST.3 ğoi EMPH Dañq-ymyz şyq-ty ğoi glory-1PL.POSS.NOM emerge-PST.3 EMPH Our glory emerged!
[d̪ɑ̝̃ɴqə̃ˈməz̪ ʃəqˈt̪ə ʁo̞j]
Намысын бермеген	Namys-yn honor-3.POSS-ACC ber-me-gen give-NEG-PTCP.PST Namys-yn ber-me-gen honor-3.POSS-ACC give-NEG-PTCP.PST They did not give up their honor
[n̪ɑ̝̃məˈsə̃m bʲe̘r̪mʲe̘ˈɡʲẽ̘n̪]
Қазағым мықты ғой	Qazağ-ym Kazakh-1SG.POSS myqty strong ğoi EMPH Qazağ-ym myqty ğoi Kazakh-1SG.POSS strong EMPH My Kazakhs are mighty!
[qʰɑ̝z̪ɑ̝ˈʁə̃m məqˈtə ʁo̞j]
Менің елім, менің елім	Men-ıñ 1SG.GEN el-ım, country-1SG.NOM menıñ 1SG.GEN el-ım country-1SG.NOM Men-ıñ el-ım, menıñ el-ım 1SG.GEN country-1SG.NOM 1SG.GEN country-1SG.NOM My country, my country
[mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m ǀ mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m]
Гүлің болып, егілемін	Gül-üñ flower-2SG.NOM bol-up, be-CVB, eg-ıl-e-mın root-PASS-PRES-1SG Gül-üñ bol-up, eg-ıl-e-mın flower-2SG.NOM be-CVB, root-PASS-PRES-1SG As your flower, I am rooted in you
[ɡʏ̞ˈl̪ʏ̞̃m bo̞ˈɫ̪ʊp ǀ je̘ɣɪ̞l̪ʲẽ̘ˈmɪ̞̃n̪]
Жырың болып төгілемін, елім	Jyr-yñ song-2SG.NOM bol-up, be-CVB, tög-ül-e-mın, sing-PASS-PRES-1SG, el-ım country-1SG.POSS.NOM Jyr-yñ bol-up, tög-ül-e-mın, el-ım song-2SG.NOM be-CVB, sing-PASS-PRES-1SG, country-1SG.POSS.NOM As your song, I shall be sung abound
[ʒəˈr̪ə̃m bo̞ˈɫ̪ʊp̚ t̪ʰɵɣʏ̞ˈl̪ʲẽ̘ˈmɪ̞̃n̪ ǀ je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m]
Туған жерім менің – Қазақстаным	Tu-ğan birth-PTCP-PST jer-ım place-1SG.POSS.NOM menıñ 1SG.GEN – – Qazaqstan-ym Kazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOM Tu-ğan jer-ım menıñ – Qazaqstan-ym birth-PTCP-PST place-1SG.POSS.NOM 1SG.GEN – Kazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOM My native land – My Kazakhstan
[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪ d͡ʑʲe̘ˈr̪ɪ̞̃m mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ ǀ qʰɑ̝z̪ɑ̝qs̪t̪ɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə̃m]

See also

• BGN/PCGN romanization of Kazakh
• Turkic languages
• Kazakh literature
• Languages of Kazakhstan
• Kazakh sign language

References

Further reading

• Kara, Dävid Somfai (2002), Kazak, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783895864704
• Mark Kirchner: "Kazakh and Karakalpak". In: The Turkic languages. Ed. by Lars Johanson and É. Á. Csató. London [u.a.] : Routledge, 1998. (Routledge language family descriptions). S.318-332.

External links

• Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin (new) converter
• Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin (old)–Arabic converter
• Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation
• Aliya S. Kuzhabekova, "Past, Present and Future of Language Policy in Kazakhstan" (M.A. thesis, University of North Dakota, 2003)
• Kazakh language recordings, British Library
• Kazakh – Apertium
• Kazakh<>Turkish Dictionary
• Kazakhstan in the CIA World Factbook
• US Peace Corps Kazakh Language Courses transcribed to HTML

На других языках

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[de] Kasachische Sprache

Die kasachische Sprache (kasachisch қазақ тілі, қазақша .mw-parser-output .Latn{font-family:"Akzidenz Grotesk","Arial","Avant Garde Gothic","Calibri","Futura","Geneva","Gill Sans","Helvetica","Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Stone Sans","Tahoma","Trebuchet","Univers","Verdana"}Qasaq tili, qasaqscha; .mw-parser-output .Arab a,.mw-parser-output a bdi.Arab{text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .Arab{font-size:120%}قازاق ٴتىلى, قازاقشا qazaq tili, qazaqşa, IPA: [qɑzɑq tɪlɪ]) ist eine Turksprache, die dort zur kiptschakischen Untergruppe gehört. Kasachisch wird vor allem in Kasachstan und verschiedenen zentralasiatischen Ländern gesprochen.

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- [en] Kazakh language

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[es] Idioma kazajo

El idioma kazajo o kazako (en kazajo: қазақ тілі, qazaq tili, قازاق ٴتىلى, ( cfr. su interwiki ) Қазақша) es una lengua de la familia de lenguas túrquicas, de la rama noroccidental. (kipchak). Se escribe con grafía cirílica mayoritariamente aunque también se usa la árabe en China, Irán, Afganistán o Pakistán. Durante los años 1930 se experimentó con la latina en la URSS.

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[fr] Kazakh

Le kazakh (autonyme : қазақ тілі, qazaq tılı, ou қазақша, qazaqşa) est une langue appartenant à la famille des langues turques. Il est parlé par les Kazakhs en Asie centrale et en Europe orientale, principalement au Kazakhstan, où il est la langue nationale, et dans la région autonome du Xinjiang, en Chine. Au cours de son histoire, le kazakh s'est écrit de différentes façons : en alphabet arabe modifié (en Chine, en Iran, une petite partie de la Mongolie, en Afghanistan), en cyrillique agrémenté de neuf lettres supplémentaires (Ә, Ғ, Қ, Ң, Ө, Ұ, Ү, Һ, І), et, depuis 1990, avec une variante de l'alphabet latin (c'est l’écriture officielle au Kazakhstan depuis 2017). Le kazakh est particulièrement proche du kirghize[2].

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[it] Lingua kazaka

La lingua kazaka (o kazako, kazaco e cazaco; in passato anche cosacco; qazaqşa o qazaq tili in alfabeto latino; қазақша o қазақ тілі in alfabeto cirillico, قازاقشا o قازاق تﻴلى in alfabeto arabo) è una lingua turcica del ramo kipchak parlata in Kazakistan, Cina, Uzbekistan, Mongolia e altri Stati dell'Asia.

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[ru] Казахский язык

Каза́хский язы́к (қазақ тілі, қазақша, qazaq tılı, qazaqşa, قازاق ٴتىلى، قازاقشا) — язык казахов, один из тюркских языков. Государственный язык Республики Казахстан. Распространён также среди этнических казахов в России, Китае, Узбекистане, Турции, Монголии и т. д. Наиболее близкие языки — каракалпакский, ногайский и карагашский, вместе с которыми образует кыпчакско-ногайскую подгруппу в рамках кыпчакской языковой группы[2].

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