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Khorasani Turkic (خراسان تركچىسى, pronounced [xorɑsɑn tyrktʃesi]) is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken in the North Khorasan Province and the Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Nearly all Khorasani Turkic speakers are also bilingual in Persian.[4]

Khorasani Turkic
خراسان تركچىسى
Pronunciation[xorɑsɑn tyrktʃesi]
Native toIran
RegionGreater Khorasan
Native speakers
400,000[1]
886,000 (2014)[2]
over 1,000,000[3]
Language family
Turkic
Writing system
Persian alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3kmz
Glottologkhor1269
Khorasani Turkic is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Geographic distribution


Khorasani Turkic is spoken in the Iranian provinces of North Khorasan near Bojnord and Razavi Khorasan near Sabzevar, Quchan. The Oghuz dialect spoken in Western Uzbekistan is sometimes considered a dialect of Khorasani Turkic.


Dialects


Khorasani Turkic is split into North, South and West dialects. The northern dialect is spoken in North Khorasan near Quchan; the southern in Soltanabad, near Sabzevar; the western, around Bojnord.



Khorasani Turkic belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, which also includes Turkish, Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz Turkish, Turkmen and Salar.

Khorasani Turkic was first classified as a separate dialect by Iranian Azerbaijani linguist Javad Heyat in the book Tārikh-e zabān o lahcayā-ye Türki (History of the Turkic dialects).[5] According to some linguists, it should be considered intermediate linguistically between Azerbaijani and Turkmen, although it is sufficiently distinct not to be considered a dialect of either.[6]


Phonology



Consonants


Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t t͡ʃ k q
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x h
voiced v z ʒ ɣ
Flap ɾ
Approximant l j

Vowels


Vowels
Front Back
unroundedrounded unroundedrounded
Close i y ɯ u
Mid e ø o
Open æ ɑ ɒ

The open back vowel is rounded when followed by /u/ or /i/: muxabbat love /muxɒbbɑt/, insan human /insɒn/, but yoldaşlık friendship /joldɑʃlɯk/. It can also be rounded by a following long /o/. This may not happen for all speakers, and plurals never have any rounding.


Morphology



Nouns



Pluralization

Pluralization is marked on nouns with the suffix /-lar/, which has the two forms /-lar/ and /-lær/, depending on vowel harmony. Plural /ɑ/ is never rounded, even when it follows /u/ or /i/.


Case

Nouns in Khorasani Turkic take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and whether they follow a vowel or a consonant:

Case
After VowelsAfter Consonants
Nominative No Ending
Genitive niŋ/nin iŋ/in
Dative ja/jæ a/æ
Accusative ni/nɯ i/ɯ
Locative da/dæ
Ablative dan/dæn
Instrumental nan/næn

Possession

Possession is marked with a suffix on the possessed noun.

Singular Plural
1st Person (I)m (I)mIz
2nd Person (I)ŋ (I)ŋIz
3rd Person (s)I lArI

Pronouns


Khorasani Turkic has six personal pronouns. Occasionally, personal pronouns take different case endings from regular nouns.

Singular Plural
1st Person mæn bɯz
2nd Person sæn siz
3rd Person o olar

Verbs


Verbs are declined for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number. The infinitive form of the verb ends in -max.


Examples


Excerpt from Tulu (1989) p. 90
Translation IPA In Latin Alphabet Arabic script (Iran)
Thus, there was a padishah named Ziyad. ɑl ɣəssa bir zijæːd pæːdiʃæːhiː bæːɾɨdɨ Al ğässa bir Ziyäd pädişähi bärıdı .ال غسا بیر زياد پدیشهی بـهریدی
Almighty God had given him no son. xodɒːʷændi æːlæm ona hit͡ʃ ɔɣul ataː elæmɑmiʃdi Xodavändi äläm ona hiç oğul ata elämamişdi. .خوداوندی آلم اونا هیچ اوغول اتا ایلهمامیشدی
There he spoke to his vizier: "O Vizier, I have no son. What shall I do about it?" bæːdæn vaziːɾæ dədi, ej vaziːɾ, mændæ ki ɔɣul joxdɨ, mæn næ t͡ʃaːɾæ ejlem Bädän vazirä dedi: "Ey vazir, mändä ki oğul yoxdı. Män nä çarä eylem?" بدن وازیره دهدی: «ای وازیر, منده کی اوغول یوخدی. من نه چاره ایولیم»؟
The vizier said: "Ruler of the whole world, what will you do with this possession?" vaziːɾ dedi, pɒːdiʃaː-i ɢɨblæ-ji ɒːlæm, sæn bu mɒːlɨ-æmwɒːlɨ næjlijæsæn Vazir dedi: "Padişai qıbläyi aläm, sän bu malıämvalı näyliyäsän?" وازیر دهدی: «پادیشای قیبلنهیی آلم, سن بو مالیموالی نیلیسن»؟

Writing System


Khorasani Turkic is not oftenly written, but it may be with the Persian alphabet in the Perso-Arabic script.[7]

LetterRomanizationIPA
اa/ɑ/, /æ/, /o/, /Ø/
بb/b/
پp/p/
تt/t/
ث(s)/s/
جx/d͡ʒ/
چč/t͡ʃ/
ح(h)/h/
خx/x/
دd/d/
ذ(z)/z/
رr/r/
زz/z/
ژž/ʒ/
سs/s/
شş/ʃ/
ص(s)/s/
ض(d)/d/
ط(t)/t/
ظ(z)/z/
عə, ‘/æ/, /Ø/
غǧ/ɣ/
فf/f/
قq/q/
کk/k/
گg/ɡ/
لl/l/
مm/m/
نn/n~ŋ/
وw/v~w/, /o/, /ø/, /u/, /y/
هh/h/
یy, ı, i, e/j/, /ɯ/, /i/, /e/
ءʿ/ʔ/
نگng/ŋ(g)/

References


  1. The Turkic Languages, By Lars Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató Johanson, page 13, Routledge, 2015
  2. Ethnologue - Khorasani Turkish - (2014 J. Leclerc)
  3. "TURKIC LANGUAGES OF PERSIA: AN OVERVIEW". 1993. Ḵorāsāni (Khorasani Turkish). Khorasani Turkish is spoken by more than one million people in the northeast of Persia (in the province of Khorasan) and in the neighboring regions of Turkmenistan up to beyond the Amu Darya River
  4. "Ethnologue report for Khorasani Turkic"
  5. Horasan Türkçesi ne İlgili Folklor Çalışmaları
  6. "Sultan Tulu, "Horasan Türkçesi ile İlgili Folklor Çalışmaları", Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 1, 1994, s. 48-51". Archived from the original on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  7. "Khorasani Turkic alphabet, pronunciation and language".

Tulu, Sultan (1989). Chorasantürkische Materialien aus Kalāt bei Esfarāyen. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. ISBN 3-922968-88-0.

Doerfer, Gerhard; Hesche, Wolfram (1993). Chorasantürkisch: Wörterlisten, Kurzgrammatiken, Indices. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03320-7.


See also





На других языках


[de] Chorasan-türkische Sprache

Die chorasan-türkische Sprache (chorasan-türkisch Xorasan Türkçesi, persisch تركي خراساني Torkī Chorāsānī) ist eine im Nordosten des Iran gesprochene Turksprache. Sie gehört zu den oghusischen Sprachen. Die Zahl der Muttersprachler betrug laut Doerfer (1993) etwa 1.000.000.
- [en] Khorasani Turkic

[es] Idioma turco de Jorasán

El idioma turco de Jorasán (Xorasan Türkçesi, Persa: تركي خراساني Torki Khorasani) es un idioma túrquico. Se habla en el norte de Jorasán en Irán. Es posible que el dialecto oghuz del idioma uzbeko es un dialecto del turco de Jorasán.

[fr] Turc du Khorassan

Le turc du Khorassan est une langue turque parlée en Iran, dans la province du Khorassan, au nord d'une ligne formée par les villes de Sabzevar, Nichapur et Meched. Les 400 000 locuteurs constituent 50 à 70 % de la population de cette partie de la province[2].

[it] Lingua khorasani

La lingua khorasani o turco khorasani (Xorasan Türkçesi, ترکی خراسانی, Torki-e Khorasani), o anche Turco Qizilbash, è una Varietà (linguistica) della Famiglia linguistica delle Lingue turche.

[ru] Хорасанско-тюркский язык

Хораса́нско-тю́ркский язы́к (азерб. خوراسان تورکجه‌سی Xorasan türkcəsi) — язык хорасанских тюрков. Входит в группу тюркских языков, распространённых в Иране, носители которого сконцентрированы на северо-востоке этой страны, называемый Хорасаном. Родной и основной язык хорасанских тюрков.



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