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Western Yugur (Western Yugur: yoɣïr lar[4] (Yugur speech) or yoɣïr śoz (Yugur word)) also known as Neo-Uygur[5] is the Turkic language spoken by the Yugur people. It is contrasted with Eastern Yugur, a Mongolic language spoken within the same community. Traditionally, both languages are indicated by the term "Yellow Uygur", from the endonym of the Yugur.

Western Yugur
Yellow Uyghur
yoɣïr lar
Native toChina
RegionGansu
Ethnicity7,000 Yugur (2007)[1]
Native speakers
4,600 (2007)[1]
Language family
Turkic
  • Common Turkic
    • Siberian Turkic[2] (Northeastern Turkic)[3]
      • South Siberian
        • Yenisei Turkic
          • Western Yugur
Early forms
Old Turkic
  • Old Uyghur language
Writing system
Old Uyghur alphabet (until 19th century) Latin alphabet (current)
Language codes
ISO 639-3ybe
Glottologwest2402
ELPYellow Uyghur
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There are approximately 4,600 Turkic-speaking Yugurs.


Classification


Besides similarities with Uyghuric languages, Western Yugur also shares a number of features, mainly archaisms, with several of the Northeastern Turkic languages, but it is not closer to any one of them in particular. Neither Western nor Eastern Yugur are mutually intelligible with Uyghur.[6]

Western Yugur also contains archaisms which are attested in neither modern Uyghuric nor Siberian, such as its anticipating counting system coinciding with Old Uyghur, and its copula dro, which originated from Old Uyghur but substitutes the Uyghur copulative personal suffixes.[7]


Geographic distribution


Speakers of Western Yugur reside primarily in the western part of Gansu province's Sunan Yugur Autonomous County.


Phonology


A special feature in Western Yugur is the occurrence of preaspiration, corresponding to the so-called pharyngealised or low vowels in Tuva and Tofa, and short vowels in Yakut and Turkmen. Examples of this phenomenon include /oʰtɯs/ "thirty", /jɑʰʂ/ "good", and /iʰt/ "meat".

The vowel harmony system, typical of Turkic languages, has largely collapsed. However, it still exists for a-suffixes (back a : front i), however for stems containing last close vowels are chosen unpredictably (/pɯlɣi/ "knowing" vs. /ɯst/ "pushing"). Voice as a distinguishing feature in plosives and affricates was replaced by aspiration, as in Chinese.


Consonants


West Yugur has 28 native consonants and two more (indicated in parentheses) found only in loan words.

Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive unaspirated p t k q
aspirated
Affricate unaspirated t͡s ʈ͡ʂ t͡ɕ
aspirated (t͡sʰ) ʈ͡ʂʰ t͡ɕʰ
Fricative voiceless (f) s ʂ ɕ x h
voiced z ʐ ɣ
Trill r
Approximant l j w

Vowels


Western Yugur has eight vowel phonemes typical of many Turkic languages, which are /i, y, ɯ, u, e, ø, o, ɑ/.


Diachronical processes


Several sound changes affected Western Yugur phonology while evolving from its original Common Turkic form, the most prolific being:


Vowels


Consonants


Vocabulary


Western Yugur is the only Turkic language that preserved the anticipating counting system, known from Old Turkic.[8] In this system, upper decimals are used, i.e. per otus (per: one, otus: thirty) means "one (on the way to) thirty", is 21.[9]

For centuries, the Western Yugur language has been in contact with Mongolic languages, Tibetan, and Chinese, and as a result has adopted a large amount of loanwords from these languages, as well as grammatical features. Chinese dialects neighboring the areas where Yugur is spoken have influenced the Yugur language, giving it loanwords.[10]


Grammar


Personal markers in nouns as well as in verbs were largely lost. In the verbal system, the notion of evidentiality has been grammaticalised, seemingly under the influence of Tibetan.


Grammatical cases


After obstruents After nasals After -z
Nominative -∅
Accusative -ti -ni
Genitive -tiŋ -niŋ
Dative Back -qa -ɣa
Front -ki
Locative Back -ta
Front -ti
Ablative Back -tan
Front -tin

Four kinship terms have distinct vocative forms, and used when calling out loudly: aqu (← aqa "elder brother"), qïzaqu (← qïzaqa "elder sister"), açu (← aça "father"), and anu (← ana "mother"). There are two possessive suffixes, first and second person -(ï)ŋ and third person -(s)ï, but these suffixes are largely not used outside of kinship terms (anaŋ, anasï "mother"), similar to the concept of inalienable possessions. Four kinship nouns have irregular 1st and 2nd person forms by eliding the final vowel and using the consonantic variant: aqaaqïŋ "elder brother".


Writing system


Grigory Potanin recorded a glossary of Salar language, Western Yugur language, and Eastern Yugur language in his 1893 Russian language book The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia.[11][4][12][13][14]


History


Modern Uyghur and Western Yugur belong to entirely different branches of the Turkic language family, respectively the Karluk languages spoken in the Kara-Khanid Khanate[15] (such as the Xākānī language described in Mahmud al-Kashgari's Dīwān al-Luġat al-Turk[16]) and the Siberian Turkic languages, which include Old Uyghur.[17]</ref>

The Yugur are real descended from the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom, Qocho and the Uyghur Khaganate.


References


  1. Western Yugur at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2009). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. p. 1109. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7.
  3. Roos, Marti (1998). "Preaspiration in Western Yugur Monosyllables". In Johanson, Lars (ed.). The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994. Turcologica Series. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 28. ISBN 3-447-03864-0.
  4. Roos (2000).
  5. Clauson 1965, p. 57.
  6. Olson, James S. (1998). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 377. ISBN 0-313-28853-4.
  7. Chen et al., 1985
  8. Erdal, Marcel (2004). A Grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden: Brill. p. 220. ISBN 90-04-10294-9.
  9. Eker, Süer; Şavk, Ülkü Çelik, eds. (2016). Endangered Turkic Languages I: Theoretical and General Approaches, Volume 1 (PDF). Ankara-Astana: Hodja Akhmet Yassawi International Turkish-Kazakh University. p. 445. ISBN 978-9944-237-48-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-23.
  10. Hickey, Raymond, ed. (2010). The Handbook of Language Contact. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 664. ISBN 978-1-4051-7580-7.
  11. Poppe, Nicholas (1953). "Remarks on the Salar Language" (PDF). Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 16 (3/4): 438–477. doi:10.2307/2718250. JSTOR 2718250. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-16.
  12. Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893). Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886 (in Russian). Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
  13. Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893). Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886 (in Russian). Vol. 2. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
  14. Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893). Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886 (in Russian). Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
  15. Arik (2008), p. 145.
  16. Clauson, Gerard (1965). "[Review of the book An Eastern Turki-English Dictionary by Gunnar Jarring]". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1/2): 57. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00123640. JSTOR 25202808.
  17. Coene (2009), p. 75.

Bibliography





На других языках


[de] West-Yugurisch

Die west-yugurische Sprache, auch Yohur genannt (Eigenbezeichnung: Yogïr lar = „yugurische Sprache“, chinesisch 西部裕固语 Xībù Yùgùyǔ) ist eine Turksprache, beheimatet im Autonomen Kreis Sunan der Yugur (肃南裕固族自治县 Sùnán Yùgùzú zìzhìxiàn) in der nordwestlichen Provinz Gansu in der Volksrepublik China. Als Alternativbezeichnungen sind auch Sarygh Uyghur, Sarı Uyğur, Sarı Yoğur, Yáohū’ěr, Yùkù und Yùgù bekannt. Durch die türkische Turkologie sind auch die Begriffe Sarığ Yoğur tili (gelbuigurische Sprache), Sarığ Yoğur und Sarı Uygurca (Gelbuigurisch) und Sarı Uygur Türkçesi (gelbuigurisches Türkisch) überliefert.
- [en] Western Yugur language

[fr] Yugur occidental

Le yugur occidental (ou sarï yugur, yugur jaune) est une langue turque parlée dans le Nord-Ouest de la province du Gansu, en Chine par 2 600 Yugur.

[it] Lingua yugur occidentale

La lingua yugur occidentale (yoğïr lar, lingua yugur o yoğïr śoz, parola yugur) è una lingua appartenente alla famiglia linguistica delle lingue turche parlata dal popolo yugur, stanziato nel distretto autonomo yugur del Sunan nella provincia del Gansu nel nord-ovest della Cina. La lingua è in contrasto con lo yugur orientale, una lingua mongolica parlata all'interno della stessa comunità. Tradizionalmente entrambe le lingue sono indicate col medesimo termine: "uygur giallo", dall'endonimo dei yugur.

[ru] Сарыг-югурский язык

Сары́г-югу́рский язык (другие варианты названия: сары-югурский, юйгу, язык хара-йогуров, язык жёлтых уйгуров) — тюркский язык, использующийся на территории Сунань-Югурского АУ провинции Ганьсу и Синьцзян-Уйгурском АР КНР. Принадлежит к хакасской группе. По некоторым признакам сближается также с саянским, уйгурским и языком рунических надписей. Генетическая основа, однако, хакасская.



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