Circassian/sɜːrˈkæʃən/, also known as Cherkess/tʃɜːrˈkɛs/, is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family, spoken by the Circassian people. There are two Circassian languages, defined by their literary standards, Adyghe (кӀахыбзэ; also known as West Circassian), with half a million speakers, and Kabardian (къэбэрдейбзэ; also known as East Circassian), with a million. The languages are highly mutually intelligible with one another, but differ to a degree where they would be considered clear-cut dialects. The earliest extant written records of the Circassian languages are in the Arabic script, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century.[1]
Subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family
There is consensus among the linguistic community about the fact that Adyghe and Kabardian are typologically distinct languages.[2][3][4] However, the local terms for these languages refer to them as dialects. The Circassian people call themselves адыгэ (adyge; English: Adyghe) in their native language. In the southwestern part of European Russia, there is also a Federal Subject called Adygea (Russian: Адыгея, Adygeya), enclaved within Krasnodar Krai, which is named after the Circassian endonym. In the Russian language, the Circassian subdivision is treated as a group of languages and called адыгские (adygskie, meaning the Adyghe languages), whereas the Adyghe language is called адыгейский (adygeyskiy, meaning the language of those in [the Republic of] Adygea). The terms Circassian and Cherkess are sometimes used in several languages as synonyms for the Northwest Caucasian languages in general or the Adyghe language in particular.
Adyghe language (also known as West Circassian, Adyghe: КӀахыбзэ; Kʼaxıbzə, Russian: Адыгейский язык) — The language of the west Circassian tribes: Shapsug, Abzakh, Natukhai, Bzhedug, Temirgoy. The Alphabet is based on the Temirgoy dialect. The Circassian alphabet was created in 1918 by the Kabardian linguist Naguma Shora.
Adyghe alphabet
А а [aː]
Б б [b]
В в [v]
Г г [ɣ] or [ɡ]
Гу гу [ɡʷ]
Гъ гъ [ʁ]
Гъу гъу [ʁʷ]
Д д [d]
Дж дж [d͡ʒ]
Дз дз [d͡z]
Дзу дзу [d͡zʷ]
Е е [ja/aj]
Ё ё [jo]
Ж ж [ʒ]
Жъ жъ [ʐ]
Жъу жъу [ʒʷ] or [ʐʷ]
Жь жь [ʑ]
З з [z]
И и [jə/əj]
Й й [j]
К к [k]
Ку ку [kʷ]
Къ къ [q]
Къу къу [qʷ]
Кӏ кӏ [t͡ʃʼ/kʼ]
Кӏу кӏу [kʷʼ]
Л л [ɮ] or [l]
Лъ лъ [ɬ]
Лӏ лӏ [ɬʼ]
М м [m]
Н н [n]
О о [aw/wa]
П п [p]
Пӏ пӏ [pʼ]
Пӏу пӏу [pʷʼ]
Р р [r]
С с [s]
Т т [t]
Тӏ тӏ [tʼ]
Тӏу тӏу [tʷʼ]
У у [w/əw]
Ф ф [f]
Х х [x]
Ху ху [xʷ]
Хъ хъ [χ]
Хъу хъу [χʷ]
Хь хь [ħ]
Ц ц [t͡s]
Цу цу [t͡sʷ]
Цӏ цӏ [t͡sʼ]
Ч ч [t͡ʃ]
ЧI чI [t͡ʂʼ]
Чъ чъ [t͡ʂ]
Ш ш [ʃ]
Шъ шъ [ʂ]
Шъу шъу [ʃʷ] or [ʂʷ]
Шӏ шӏ [ʃʼ]
Шӏу шӏу [ʃʷʼ]
Щ щ [ɕ]
Ъ ъ [ˠ]
Ы ы [ə]
Ь ь [ʲ]
Э э [a]
Ю ю [ju]
Я я [jaː]
ӏ [ʔ]
ӏу [ʔʷ]
Kabardian language (also known as East Circassian, Adyghe: Къэбэрдейбзэ; Qeberdeýbze, Russian: Кабардино-черкесский) — The language of the east Circassian tribes: Kabarday and Baslaney. The Alphabet is based on the Kabardian dialect.
Kabardian alphabet
А а [aː]
Э э [a]
Б б [b]
В в [v]
Г г [ɣ]
Гу гу [ɡʷ]
Гъ гъ [ʁ]
Гъу гъу [ʁʷ]
Д д [d]
Дж дж [d͡ʒ] or [ɡʲ]
Дз дз [d͡z]
Е е [ja/aj]
Ё ё [jo]
Ж ж [ʒ]
Жь жь [ʑ]
З з [z]
И и [jə/əj]
Й й [j]
К к [k]
Ку ку [kʷ]
Къ къ [q]
Къу къу [qʷ]
Кхъ кхъ [q͡χ]
Кхъу кхъу [q͡χʷ]
Кӏ кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] or [kʲʼ]
Кӏу кӏу [kʷʼ]
Л л [ɮ] or [l]
Лъ лъ [ɬ]
Лӏ лӏ [ɬʼ]
М м [m]
Н н [n]
О о [aw/wa]
П п [p]
Пӏ пӏ [pʼ]
Р р [r]
С с [s]
Т т [t]
Тӏ тӏ [tʼ]
У у [w/əw]
Ф ф [f]
Фӏ фӏ [fʼ]
Х х [x]
Ху ху [xʷ]
Хъ хъ [χ]
Хъу хъу [χʷ]
Хь хь [ħ]
Ц ц [t͡s]
Цӏ цӏ [t͡sʼ]
Ч ч [t͡ʃ]
Ш ш [ʃ]
Щ щ [ɕ]
Щӏ щӏ [ɕʼ]
Ъ ъ [ˠ]
Ы ы [ə]
Ь ь [ʲ]
Ю ю [ju]
Я я [jaː]
ӏ [ʔ]
ӏу [ʔʷ]
Dialectal letters
Гь гь [ɡʲ]
Кь кь [kʲ]
Кӏь кӏь [kʲʼ]
Сӏ сӏ [sʼ]
Чу чу [t͡ʃʷ]
ӏь [ʔʲ]
Sound changes
The major differences in the Circassian dialects
See also: Proto-Circassian language
Sound changes between Adyghe (Temirgoy) and Kabardian:[5]
Papşu, Murat (2006)."Çerkes-Adığe yazısının tarihçesiArchived December 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine". Nart, İki Aylık Düşün ve Kültür Dergisi, Sayı 51, Eylül-Ekim 2006. (in Turkish)
Kuipers, Aert H. (1960). Phoneme and morpheme in Kabardian (eastern Adyghe). The Hague: Mouton & Co. p.7.
Smeets, Henricus Joannes (1984). Studies in West Circassian phonology and morphology. Leiden: The Hakuchi Press. p.41. ISBN90-71176-01-0.
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