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The Udi language, spoken by the Udi people, is a member of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.[3] It is believed an earlier form of it was the main language of Caucasian Albania, which stretched from south Dagestan to current day Azerbaijan.[4] The Old Udi language is also called the Caucasian Albanian language[5] and possibly corresponds to the "Gargarian" language identified by medieval Armenian historians.[4] Modern Udi is known simply as Udi.

Udi
удин муз, udin muz[needs IPA]
Native toAzerbaijan, Russia, Georgia
RegionAzerbaijan (Qabala and Oguz), Russia (North Caucasus), Georgia (Kvareli), and Armenia (Tavush)
EthnicityUdi people
Native speakers
3,800 in Azerbaijan (2009 census)[1]
2,800 in Russia and Georgia (no date); unknown number Armenia[2]
Language family
Northeast Caucasian
Language codes
ISO 639-3udi
Glottologudii1243
ELPUdi
Udi is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The language is spoken by about 4000 people in the village of Nij, Azerbaijan, in Qabala District, in Oghuz District, as well as in parts of North Caucasus in Russia. It is also spoken by ethnic Udis living in the villages of Debetavan, Bagratashen, Ptghavan, and Haghtanak in Tavush Province of northeastern Armenia and in the village of Zinobiani (former Oktomberi) in the Qvareli Municipality of the Kakheti province of Georgia.

Udi is endangered,[6] classified as "severely endangered" by UNESCO's Red Book of Endangered Languages.[7]


History


The Udi language can most appropriately be broken up into five historical stages:[8]

Early Udiaround 2000 BC – 300 AD
Old Udi300 – 900
Middle Udi900 – 1800
Early Modern Udi1800 – 1920
Modern Udi1920 – present

Soon after the year 700, the Old Udi language had probably ceased to be used for any purpose other than as the liturgical language of the Church of Caucasian Albania.[9]

Old Udi was spoken from Tavush province and eastern Artsakh in the west to the city of Qəbələ in the east, an area centered around Utik province and the city of Partaw (now Barda).[10]
Old Udi was spoken from Tavush province and eastern Artsakh in the west to the city of Qəbələ in the east, an area centered around Utik province and the city of Partaw (now Barda).[10]

Syntax


Old Udi was an ergative–absolutive language.[11]


Morphology


Udi is agglutinating with a tendency towards being fusional. Udi affixes are mostly suffixes or infixes, but there are a few prefixes. Old Udi used mostly suffixes.[3] Most affixes are restricted to specific parts of speech. Some affixes behave as clitics. The word order is SOV.[12]

Udi does not have gender, but has declension classes.[13] Old Udi, however, did reflect grammatical gender within anaphoric pronouns.[14]


Phonology



Vowels


Vowels of Udi[15]
Front Central Back
Close i (y) u
Mid ɛ ɛˤ (œ) ə ɔ ɔˤ
Open (æ) ɑ ɑˤ

Consonants


Consonant phonemes of Udi[16]
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
lenis fortis
Nasal m n
Plosive voiced b d ɡ
voiceless p t k q
ejective
Affricate voiced d͡z d͡ʒ d͡ʒː
voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ t͡ʃː
ejective t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ t͡ʃːʼ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ ʃː x h
voiced v z ʒ ʒː ɣ
Trill r
Approximant l j

Old Udi, unlike modern Udi, did not have the close-mid front rounded vowel /ø/.[17] Old Udi contained an additional series of palatalized consonants.[18]


Alphabet


Udi Latin alphabet table from a 1934 book
Udi Latin alphabet table from a 1934 book

The Old Udi language used the Caucasian Albanian alphabet. As evidenced by Old Udi documents discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt dating from the 7th century, the Old Udi language used 50 of the 52 letters identified by Armenian scholars in later centuries as having been used in Udi language texts.[17]

In the 1930s, there was an attempt by Soviet authorities to create an Udi alphabet based on the Latin alphabet but its usage ceased after a short time.

In 1974, a Udi alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was compiled by V. L. Gukasyan. The alphabet in his Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary is as follows: А а, Аъ аъ, Аь аь, Б б, В в, Г г, Гъ гъ, Гь гь, Д д, Дж дж, ДжӀ джӀ, Дз дз, Е е, Ж ж, ЖӀ жӀ, З з, И и, Й й, К к, Ҝ ҝ, КӀ кӀ, Къ къ, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, Оь оь, П п, ПӀ пӀ, Р р, С с, Т т, ТӀ тӀ, У у, Уь, Уь, Ф ф, Х х, Хъ хъ, Ц ц, Ц' ц', ЦӀ цӀ, Ч ч, Ч' ч', ЧӀ чӀ, Чъ чъ, Ш ш, ШӀ шӀ, Ы ы. This alphabet was also used in the 1996 collection Nana oččal (Нана очъал).

In the mid-1990s, a new Latin-based Udi alphabet was created in Azerbaijan. A primer and two collections of works by Georgy Kechaari were published using it and it was also used for educational purposes in the village of Nic. The alphabet is as follows:[19]

A a B b C c Ç ç D d E e Ə ə F f G g Ğ ğ H h
X x I ı İ i Ҝ ҝ J j K k Q q L l M m N n O o
Ö ö P p R r S s Ş ş T t U u Ü ü V v Y y Z z
Ц ц Цı цı Eъ eъ Tı tı Əъ əъ Kъ kъ Pı pı Xъ xъ Şı şı Öъ öъ Çı çı
Çъ çъ Ć ć Jı jı Zı zı Uъ uъ Oъ oъ İъ iъ Dz dz

In 2007 in Astrakhan, Vladislav Dabakov published a collection of Udi folklore with a Latin-based alphabet as follows: A a, Ă ă, Ә ә, B b, C c, Ĉ ĉ, Ç ç, Ç' ç', Č č, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ĕ ĕ, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, I ı, İ i, Ĭ ĭ, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, K' k', L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, Ŏ ŏ, P p, P' p', Q q, Q' q', R r, S s, Ś ś, S' s', Ŝ ŝ, Ş ş, T t, T' t', U u, Ü ü, Ŭ ŭ, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Ź ź.

In 2013 in Russia, an Udi primer, Nanay muz (Нанай муз), was published with a Cyrillic-based alphabet, a modified version of the one used by V. L. Gukasyan in the Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary. The alphabet is as follows:[20]

А а Аь аь Аъ аъ Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Гь гь Д д Дз дз Дж дж
Джъ джъ Е е Ж ж Жъ жъ З з И и Иъ иъ Й й К к К' к' Къ къ
Л л М м Н н О о Оь оь Оъ оъ П п П' п' Р р С с Т т
Т' т' У у Уь уь Уъ уъ Ф ф Х х Хъ хъ Ц ц Ц' ц' Ч ч Чъ чъ
Ч' ч' Ч’ъ ч’ъ Ш ш Шъ шъ Ы ы Э э Эъ эъ Ю ю Я я

See also



Citations


  1. "Udi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
  2. Lewis, M. Paul; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2013). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (17th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  3. Gippert & Schulze (2007), p. 208.
  4. Gippert & Schulze (2007), p. 210.
  5. Gippert & Schulze (2007), p. 201.
  6. Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
  7. UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
  8. Schulze (2005).
  9. Schulze (2005), p. 23.
  10. Schulze (2005), p. 22.
  11. Gippert & Schulze (2007), p. 206.
  12. Schulze, Wolfgang (2002). "The Udi Language". Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2012-08-05 via lrz-muenchen.de.
  13. Harris (1990), p. 7.
  14. Gippert & Schulze (2007), p. 202.
  15. Hewitt (2004), p. 57.
  16. "Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages". TITUS Didactica.
  17. Gippert & Schulze (2007), p. 207.
  18. Gippert & Schulze (2007), pp. 201, 207.
  19. Aydınov, Y. A.; Keçaari, J. A. (1996). Tıetıir (PDF). Bəkü: "Maari̇f" Nəşriyyat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-30.
  20. "Удинский алфавит".

References



Further reading





На других языках


[de] Udische Sprache

Udisch (Eigenbezeichnung: udin muz) gehört zu den lesgischen Sprachen innerhalb der (nordostkaukasischen Sprachen) nachisch-dagestanischen Sprachen. Es wird heute von noch ca. 4.200 Menschen in Aserbaidschan gesprochen, in allen Ländern sind es ca. 5.700 Sprecher.
- [en] Udi language

[es] Idioma udí

El udí es una lengua caucásica nororiental del grupo lesguino de las lenguas najsko-daguestaníes de familia de lenguas (de Cáucaso Oriental). Se divide en dos dialectos: el de Nidj y el de Oguz (Vartashén).[1][2] Pero las diferencias entre ellos no les impiden la comprensión mutua, aunque cada dialecto se desarrolla independientemente. La lengua udí la hablan aproximadamente 10 000 personas. Con esto la consideran ágrafa, a pesar de que actualmente hacen esfuerzos para crear la escritura propia. El udí lo usan sólo en la vida cotidiana. A título de la lengua oficial los udís usan la del país en que residen: en Azerbaiyán el azerí, en Rusia el ruso, en Kazajistán el kazajo y el ruso, en Georgia el georgiano, etc. La mayoría de los udíes domina dos o, frecuentemente, tres lenguas.[3] Según muchos especialistas, el udí en la antigüedad era una de las lenguas más difundidas en Albania Caucasiana, en base de la cual en el siglo IV apareció la escritura albana (agvana) y se formó la lengua literaria.

[fr] Oudi

L'oudi est une langue de la famille nakho-daghestanienne. On pense que c'était la langue principale de l'Albanie du Caucase, qui s'étendait entre le sud du Daghestan et l'Azerbaïdjan. Cette langue remonterait au Xe siècle av. J.-C., en succédant à l'albanien (ou aghouanais, plus rarement aghbanien, souvent appelée ancien oudi, ou improprement albanais caucasien) mêlé d'emprunts aux langues persanes à la suite des invasions musulmanes sur l'ancien empire romain au VIIe siècle av. J.-C..

[it] Lingua udi

La lingua udi è una lingua caucasica nordorientale parlata in Azerbaigian.

[ru] Удинский язык

Уди́нский язы́к — язык удинов, один из кавказских языков. Входит в лезгинскую группу нахско-дагестанской (восточно-кавказской) семьи языков, делится на два диалекта — ниджский и огузский (варташенский)[1][2]. Относится к агглютинативным языкам.



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