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Aghul is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Aghuls in southern Dagestan, Russia and in Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 29,300[2] people (2010 census).

Aghul
агъул чӀал / ağul ҫ̇al
Native to	Russia, also spoken in Azerbaijan
Region	Southeastern Dagestan
Ethnicity	Aguls
Native speakers	29,300 (2010 census)[1]
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Lezgic Samur Eastern Samur Lezgi–Aghul–Tabasaran Aghul
Writing system	Cyrillic
Official status
Official language in	Russia  Dagestan
Language codes
ISO 639-3	agx
Glottolog	aghu1253
ELP	Aghul

Classification

Aghul belongs to the Eastern Samur group of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.

Geographic distribution

In 2002, Aghul was spoken by 28,300 people in Russia, mainly in Southern Dagestan, as well as 32 people in Azerbaijan.[3]

Related languages

There are nine languages in the Lezgian language family, namely: Aghul, Tabasaran, Rutul, Lezgian, Tsakhur, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.

Phonology

Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants.[4] Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages, a distinction between tense consonants with concomitant length and weak consonants. The tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of the consonant so they are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic. The gemination of the consonant itself does not create its tension, but morphologically tense consonants often derive from adjoining two single weak consonants. Some^[which?] Aghul dialects have an especially large number^[vague] of permitted initial tense consonants.[4]

Vowels

Vowels of Aghul[5]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		ɯ	u
Mid	e
Open		a

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Aghul[6]

			Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyn- geal	Glottal
					plain	lab.
Nasal			m	n
Plosive	voiced		b	d				ɡ
	voiceless	fortis	pː	tː				kː	qː
		lenis	p	t				k	q		ʔ
	ejective		pʼ	tʼ				kʼ	qʼ
Affricate	voiced				d͡ʒ	d͡ʒʷ
	voiceless	fortis		t͡sː	t͡ʃː	t͡ʃːʷ
		lenis		t͡s	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʷ
	ejective			t͡sʼ	t͡ʃʼ	t͡ʃʷʼ
Fricative	voiceless	fortis	fː	sː	ʃː	ʃːʷ		xː	χː
		lenis	f	s	ʃ	ʃʷ		x	χ
	voiced		v	z	ʒ	ʒʷ			ʁ	ʢ	ɦ
Trill					r					ʜ
Approximant				l			j

• The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by the source.

Alphabet

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Гъ гъ	Гь гь	Гӏ гӏ
Д д	Дж дж	Е е	Ё ё	Ж ж	З з	И и	Й й
К к	Кк кк	Къ къ	Кь кь	Кӏ кӏ	Л л	М м	Н н
О о	П п	Пп пп	Пӏ пӏ	Р р	С с	Т т	Тт тт
Тӏ тӏ	У у	Уь уь	Ф ф	Х х	Хъ хъ	Хь хь	Хӏ хӏ
Ц ц	Цӏ цӏ	Ч ч	Чч чч	Чӏ чӏ	Ш ш	Щ щ	ъ
ӏ	ы	ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я

Grammar

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010)

Case

There are four core cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and dative, as well as a large series of location cases. All cases other than the absolutive (which is unmarked) and ergative take the ergative suffix before their own suffix.

Adjectives

Independent and predicative adjectives take number marker and class marker; also case if used as nominal. As attribute they are invariable. Thus idžed "good", ergative, idžedi, etc. -n, -s; pl. idžedar; but Idže insandi hhuč qini "The good man killed the wolf" (subject in ergative case).

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

	Singular (Aghul)	Plural (Aghul)	Singular (Tokip)	Plural (Tokip)
1	zun	čin (ex), xin (in)	či (ex), xi (in)	či, xi
2	wun	čun	čun	ču

Vocabulary

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2010)

Writing system

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2010)

Examples

Cyrillic writing

Іисайи пуная гебурис: – ДуьгІе акье миштти: «Дад, Ве ттур гирами хьурай; Ве Паччагьвел адирай. ТІалаб аркьая чин Вакес гьер ягьас гуни. Гъил гьушен че гунагьарилас, чинна гьил гьуршанду кІилди час Іайвелар аркьаттарилас. ХІа темехІера хьас амарта час».[7]

Transliteration

ˡisaji punaja geburis: – Du’gˡe ak’e mištti: "Dad, Ve ttur girami x’uraj; Ve Paččag’vel adiraj. Tˡalab ark’aja čin Vakes g’er jag’as guni. G″il g’ušen če gunag’arilas, činna g’il g’uršandu kˡildi čas ˡajvelar ark’attarilas. Xˡa temexˡera x’as amarta čas." [8]

Translation

And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth. Give us day by day our daily bread. And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil.[9]

References

Bibliography

• Haspelmath, Martin. 1993. A grammar of Lezgian. (Mouton grammar library; 9). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. – ISBN 3-11-013735-6
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
• Talibov, Bukar B. and Magomed M. Gadžiev. 1966. Lezginsko-russkij slovar’. Moskva: Izd. Sovetskaja Ėnciklopedija.

External links

• Languages of the World report Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
• UCLA phonetics lab data for Aghul
• Aghul word lists from the UCLA phonetics lab archive
• Aghul basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

На других языках

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[de] Aghulische Sprache

Aghulisch (auch Agulisch, Eigenbezeichnung: aġul č′al) gehört zur lesgischen Gruppe der nordostkaukasischen (nach-dagestanischen) Sprachfamilie und wird in der autonomen Republik Dagestan (Russische Föderation) von über 17.000 Menschen gesprochen.

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- [en] Aghul language

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[fr] Agul

L'agul (en agul - aгьул чIaл) est une langue caucasienne du groupe des langues lezgiques (sous groupe nord du groupe lezghi oriental) de la famille des langues nakho-daghestaniennes, parlée au Daghestan par environ 23 000 locuteurs (estimation 2007).

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[it] Lingua agul

La lingua agul o aghul (агъул чӀал, ag'ul č̣al) è una lingua caucasica nordorientale parlata nella Federazione Russa, nella repubblica del Daghestan.

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[ru] Агульский язык

Агу́льский язы́к (самоназвание — Агъул чӏал) — один из дагестанских языков лезгинской группы[3], распространён среди агулов. Различают диалекты: тпигский (лёг в основу литературного языка), керенский (ричинский), кошанский (кушанский, включает говоры арсугский, буршагский, и худигский; подвергся сильному влиянию табасаранского языка и значительному влиянию даргинского языка), буркиханский (кекхюнский) и фитинский (представлен в одном ауле). Распространён в Агульском и Курахском районах Дагестана. Число говорящих на агульском языке — 29,3 тыс. чел. (2010). Составителями агульской алфавита являются профессор Ш. А. Мазанаев и к.ф.н. И. А. Мазанаев. Алфавит, созданный ими на основе русского алфавита, был одобрен постановлением Совета Министров ДАССР № 128 от 10 августа 1990 года.

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