Aghul is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Aghuls in southern Dagestan, Russia and in Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 29,300[2] people (2010 census).
Aghul | |
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агъул чӀал / ağul ҫ̇al | |
Native to | Russia, also spoken in Azerbaijan |
Region | Southeastern Dagestan |
Ethnicity | Aguls |
Native speakers | 29,300 (2010 census)[1] |
Language family | Northeast Caucasian
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Writing system | Cyrillic |
Official status | |
Official language in | ![]()
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | agx |
Glottolog | aghu1253 |
ELP | Aghul |
Aghul belongs to the Eastern Samur group of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.
In 2002, Aghul was spoken by 28,300 people in Russia, mainly in Southern Dagestan, as well as 32 people in Azerbaijan.[3]
There are nine languages in the Lezgian language family, namely: Aghul, Tabasaran, Rutul, Lezgian, Tsakhur, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.
Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants.[4] Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages, a distinction between tense consonants with concomitant length and weak consonants. The tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of the consonant so they are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic. The gemination of the consonant itself does not create its tension, but morphologically tense consonants often derive from adjoining two single weak consonants. Some[which?] Aghul dialects have an especially large number[vague] of permitted initial tense consonants.[4]
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɯ | u | |
Mid | e | |||
Open | a |
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal |
Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lab. | ||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||||||
Plosive | voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||||||
voiceless | fortis | pː | tː | kː | qː | ||||||
lenis | p | t | k | q | ʔ | ||||||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |||||||
Affricate | voiced | d͡ʒ | d͡ʒʷ | ||||||||
voiceless | fortis | t͡sː | t͡ʃː | t͡ʃːʷ | |||||||
lenis | t͡s | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʷ | ||||||||
ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʷʼ | ||||||||
Fricative | voiceless | fortis | fː | sː | ʃː | ʃːʷ | xː | χː | |||
lenis | f | s | ʃ | ʃʷ | x | χ | |||||
voiced | v | z | ʒ | ʒʷ | ʁ | ʢ | ɦ | ||||
Trill | r | ʜ | |||||||||
Approximant | l | j |
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Гӏ гӏ | ||
Д д | Дж дж | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | |
К к | Кк кк | Къ къ | Кь кь | Кӏ кӏ | Л л | М м | Н н | |
О о | П п | Пп пп | Пӏ пӏ | Р р | С с | Т т | Тт тт | |
Тӏ тӏ | У у | Уь уь | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ | |
Ц ц | Цӏ цӏ | Ч ч | Чч чч | Чӏ чӏ | Ш ш | Щ щ | ъ | |
ӏ | ы | ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010) |
There are four core cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and dative, as well as a large series of location cases. All cases other than the absolutive (which is unmarked) and ergative take the ergative suffix before their own suffix.
Independent and predicative adjectives take number marker and class marker; also case if used as nominal. As attribute they are invariable. Thus idžed "good", ergative, idžedi, etc. -n, -s; pl. idžedar; but Idže insandi hhuč qini "The good man killed the wolf" (subject in ergative case).
Singular (Aghul) | Plural (Aghul) | Singular (Tokip) | Plural (Tokip) | |
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1 | zun | čin (ex), xin (in) | či (ex), xi (in) | či, xi |
2 | wun | čun | čun | ču |
![]() | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2010) |
![]() | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2010) |
Іисайи пуная гебурис: – ДуьгІе акье миштти: «Дад, Ве ттур гирами хьурай; Ве Паччагьвел адирай. ТІалаб аркьая чин Вакес гьер ягьас гуни. Гъил гьушен че гунагьарилас, чинна гьил гьуршанду кІилди час Іайвелар аркьаттарилас. ХІа темехІера хьас амарта час».[7]
ˡisaji punaja geburis: – Du’gˡe ak’e mištti: "Dad, Ve ttur girami x’uraj; Ve Paččag’vel adiraj. Tˡalab ark’aja čin Vakes g’er jag’as guni. G″il g’ušen če gunag’arilas, činna g’il g’uršandu kˡildi čas ˡajvelar ark’attarilas. Xˡa temexˡera x’as amarta čas." [8]
And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth. Give us day by day our daily bread. And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil.[9]
Languages of Russia | |
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Federal language | |
State languages of federal subjects | |
Languages with official status | |
Scripts |
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1 In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. 2 For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.
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Avar–Andic | |
Tsezic | |
Dargin | |
Lezgic | |
Nakh | |
Other | |
Italics indicate extinct languages |
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Caucasian (areal) |
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