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Budukh or Budugh (Будад мез, Budad mez[2]) is a Samur language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in parts of the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 200 of approximately 1,000 ethnic Budukhs.[1]

Budukh
Будад мез budad mez
Native toAzerbaijan
RegionQuba Rayon
Ethnicity1,000 (1990)[1]
Native speakers
200 (2010)[1]
Language family
Northeast Caucasian
  • Lezgic
    • Samur
      • Southern Samur
        • Budukh
Language codes
ISO 639-3bdk
Glottologbudu1248
ELPBudukh

Budukh is a severely endangered language,[3][4] and classified as such by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[5]


Grammar



Gender and agreement


Authier (2010) reports that Budugh has six 'gender-number' classes:

Verbs normally agree with their absolutive argument (intransitive subject or transitive object) in gender. In the following examples, the verb 'beat' shows animate agreement with 'donkey' and non-human plural agreement with 'donkeys'.

Ma'lla'-cır lem ğùvotu-ri
Mullah-erg donkey animate:beat:present
'Mullah beat the donkey'
Ma'lla'-cır lemér ğùtu-ri
Mullah-erg donkey nonhumanplural:beat:present
'Mullah beat the donkeys'

Compare these examples with the following, where the verb agrees with the intransitive subject:

Ma'lla' vìxhici
Mullah masculine:go:narrative_tense
'Mullah went.'
Lem vüxhücü
donkey animate:go:narrative_tense
'The donkey went.'

Verb agreement


Budukh verbs typically agree with a single argument, the absolutive. In the agreement paradigms, the majority of verbs show no overt agreement for the masculine, neuter, and nonhuman plural. Consider the following paradigm for the verb 'keep' in the perfective (Authier 2009):

M/N/NPLˤa-q-a
Fˤa-ra-q-a
Aˤa-va-q-a
HPLˤa-ba-q-a

In this paradigm, /ˤa/ is a preverb which must appear with the verb root /q/ 'keep', and the agreement morphology appears between the preverb and the root. Due to historical changes, the relationships between the various members of an agreement paradigm are often more complex and show changes of vowel and/or consonant. The following perfective paradigm for 'go' shows this (with the reconstructed form shown after the *)

Mvi-xhi
Fv-r-xhi
Avüxhü < *vi-v-xhi
N/NPLvidki < *vi-d-xhi
HPLvibki < *vi-b-xhi

Word order


Budukh is an SOV language, as seen in the following example:

Ma'lla'-cır lemér ğùtu-ri
Mullah-erg donkey nonhuman plural:beat:present
'Mullah beat the donkeys'

It has possessors before possessed nouns:

Mallá-co rij
Mullah-adlocative daughter
'the mullah's daughter'

Adjectives appear before the nouns that they modify:

q'usú Mallá'
old mullah
'the old mullah'

References





На других языках


[de] Buduchische Sprache

Das Buduchische (Eigenbezeichnung: budanu mez) ist eine in Aserbaidschan gesprochene (nordostkaukasische) nachisch-dagestanische Sprache vom Zweig der lesgischen Sprachen und wird von ca. 1.000 Menschen gesprochen.
- [en] Budukh language

[fr] Budukh

Le budukh (ou budugh ; autonyme, Будад мез, budad mez) est une langue caucasienne, du groupe des langues nakho-daghestaniennes, appartenant à la branche lezgique dont il forme un rameau séparé avec le kryz. Il est parlé par environ 1 000 personnes, dans la région de Quba (nord de l'Azerbaïdjan). La dénomination de la langue est celle de la principale localité, Budukh, située dans une zone isolée du Caucase, à 2 000 mètres d'altitude. Cette langue se parle sous deux formes : le budukh et le yergüc.

[ru] Будухский язык

Буду́хский язы́к или будугский язык (самоназвание budad mez) — язык будухцев. Распространён в качестве языка бытового общения в нескольких сёлах Кубинского и Хачмасского районов Азербайджана, главным образом в сёлах Будуг, Дели-Кая, Пирусти, Ялавандж и других. Число говорящих на будухском языке около 5 тыс. чел (оценка 1994 года).



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