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Lezgin /ˈlɛzɡin/,[3][4] also called Lezgi or Lezgian, is a Northeast Caucasian language. It is spoken by the Lezgins, who live in southern Dagestan (Russia); northern Azerbaijan; and to a much lesser degree Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Turkey, and other countries. It is a much-written literary language and an official language of Dagestan. It is classified as "vulnerable" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[5]

Lezgin
лезги чӏал
lezgi č’al[1]
Pronunciation[lezɡi tʃʼal]
Native toNorth Caucasus
RegionDagestan and Azerbaijan
EthnicityLezgins
Native speakers
800,000 (2010)[2]
Language family
Northeast Caucasian
  • Lezgic
    • Samur
      • Eastern Samur
        • Lezgi–Aghul–Tabasaran
          • Lezgin
Official status
Official language in
 Russia
Language codes
ISO 639-2lez
ISO 639-3lez
Glottologlezg1247
Distribution of the Lezgin language in North Caucasus
Lezgian is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Geographic distribution


In 2002, Lezgian was spoken by about 397,000 people in Russia, mainly Southern Dagestan; in 1999 it was spoken by 178,400 people in mainly the Qusar, Quba, Qabala, Oghuz, Ismailli and Khachmaz (Xaçmaz) provinces of northeastern Azerbaijan. Lezgian is also spoken in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Germany and Uzbekistan by immigrants from Azerbaijan and Dagestan.

Some speakers are in the Balikesir, Yalova, Izmir, Bursa regions of Turkey especially in Kirne (Ortaca), a village in Balikesir Province which touches the western coast, being south-west of Istanbul.

The total number of speakers is about 800,000.[6]



Nine languages survive in the Lezgic language family:

These have the same names as their ethnic groups.

Some dialects differ heavily from the standard form, including the Quba and Akhty dialects spoken in Azerbaijan.[6]


Phonology



Vowels


Vowels of Lezgian[7]
Front Central Back
plain rounded
Close i (и)y (уь) ɨ (ы) u (у)
Mid e (е; э) (ə) o (o)
Open a (а)

Consonants


There are 54 consonants in Lezgian. Characters to the right are the letters of the Lezgian Cyrillic Alphabet. Note that aspiration is not normally indicated in the orthography, despite the fact that it is phonemic.

Consonants of Lezgian[8]
Labial Dental Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
plain lab. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal /m/ м /n/ н
Plosive voiced /b/ б /d/ д /g/ г // гв
voiceless /p/ п /t/ т // тв /k/ к // кв /q/ къ // къв /ʔ/ ъ
aspirated // п // т /tʷʰ/ тв // к /kʷʰ/ кв // хъ /qʷʰ/ хъв
ejective // пӀ // тӀ /tʷʼ/ тӀв // кӀ /kʷʼ/ кӀв // кь /qʷʼ/ кьв
Affricate voiced /dz/ дз // дж
voiceless /t͡s/ ц /t͡sʷ/ цв /t͡ʃ/ ч
aspirated /t͡sʰ/ ц /t͡sʷʰ/ цв /t͡ʃʰ/ ч
ejective /t͡sʼ/ цӀ /t͡sʷʼ/ цӀв /t͡ʃʼ/ чӀ
Fricative voiced /v/ в /z/ з // зв /ʒ/ ж /ʁ/ гъ /ʁʷ/ гъв
voiceless /f/ ф /s/ с // св /ʃ/ ш /x/ хь // хьв /χ/ х /χʷ/ хв /h/ гь
Approximant /l/ л /j/ й /w/ в
Trill /r/ р

Alphabets


Lezgian has been written in several different alphabets over the course of its history. These alphabets have been based on three scripts: Arabic (before 1928), Latin (1928–38), and Cyrillic (1938–present).

The Lezgian Cyrillic alphabet is as follows:[9]

А Б В Г Гъ Гь Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Къ Кь Кӏ Л М Н О П Пӏ Р С Т Тӏ У Уь Ф Х Хъ Хь Ц Цӏ Ч Чӏ Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я
а б в г гъ гь д е ё ж з и й к къ кь кӏ л м н о п пӏ р с т тӏ у уь ф х хъ хь ц цӏ ч чӏ ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я

The Latin alphabet was as follows:

A a Ä ä B b C c Č č Ch ch Čh čh D d
E e F f G g Gh gh H h I i J j K k
Kh kh L l M m N n Ꞑ ꞑ O o Ö ö P p
Ph ph Q q Qh qh R r S s Š š T t Th th
U u Ü ü V v X x X́ x́ Y y Z z Ž ž

Grammar


Lezgian is unusual for a Northeast Caucasian language in not having noun classes (also called "grammatical gender"). Standard Lezgian grammar features 18 grammatical cases,[10] produced by agglutinating suffixes, of which 12 are still used in spoken conversation.


Cases


The four grammatical cases are:[8]


Declension


There are two types of declensions.


First declension

Case Singular Plural
Absolutiveбубаbubaбубаярbubajar
Ergativeбубадиbubadiбубайриbubajri
Genitiveбубадинbubadinбубайринbubajrin
Dativeбубадизbubadizбубайризbubajriz
Adessiveбубадивbubadivбубайривbubajriv
Adelativeбубадивайbubadivajбубайривайbubajrivaj
Addirectiveбубадивдиbubadivdiбубайривдиbubajrivdi
Postessiveбубадихъbubadiqʰбубайрихъbubajriqʰ
Postelativeбубадихъайbubadiqʰajбубайрихъайbubajriqʰaj
Postdirectiveбубадихъдиbubadiqʰdiбуабайрихъдиbuabajriqʰdi
Subessiveбубадикbubadikʰбубайрикbubajrikʰ
Subelativeбубадикайbubadikʰajбубайрикайbubajrikʰaj
Subdirectiveбубадикдиbubadikʰdiбубайрикдиbubajrikʰdi
Inessiveбубадаbubadaбубайраbubajra
Inelativeбубадайbubadajбубайрайbubajraj
Superessiveбубадалbubadalбубайралbubajral
Superelativeбубадалайbubadalajбубайралайbubajralaj
Superdirectiveбубадалдиbubadaldiбубайралдиbubajraldi

Vocabulary



Numbers


The numbers of Lezgian are:

удudzero
садsadone
кьведqʷ’edtwo
пудpudthree
кьудq’udfour
вадvadfive
ругудrugudsix
иридiridseven
муьжуьдmuʒudeight
кӏуьдk’ydnine
цӏудts’udten
цӏусадts’usadeleven
цӏикьведts’iqʷ’edtwelve
цӏипудts’ipudthirteen
цӏикьудts’iq’udfourteen
цӏувадts’uvadfifteen
цӏуругудts’urugudsixteen
цӏеридts’eridseventeen
цӏемуьжуьдts’emyʒudeighteen
цӏекӏуьдts’ek’ydnineteen
къадqadtwenty
 qadtsudthirty
яхцӏурjaxts’urforty
 jaxtsurtsudfifty
пудкъадpudqadsixty
 pudqadtsudseventy
кьудкъадq’udqaleighty
 qudqaltsudninety
вишviʃone hundred
агъзурaɣzurone thousand

Nouns following a number are always in the singular. Numbers precede the noun. "Сад" and "кьвед" lose their final "-д" before a noun.

Lezgian numerals work in a similar fashion to the French ones, and are based on the vigesimal system in which "20", not "10", is the base number. "Twenty" in Lezgian is "къад", and higher numbers are formed by adding the suffix -ни to the word (which becomes "къанни" - the same change occurs in пудкъад and кьудкъад) and putting the remaining number afterwards. This way 24 for instance is къанни кьуд ("20 and 4"), and 37 is къанни цӏерид ("20 and 17"). Numbers over 40 are formed similarly (яхцӏур becomes яхцӏурни). 60 and 80 are treated likewise. For numbers over 100 just put a number of hundreds, then (if need be) the word with a suffix, then the remaining number. 659 is thus ругуд вишни яхцӏурни цӏекӏуьд. The same procedure follows for 1000. 1989 is агьзурни кӏуьд вишни кьудкъанни кӏуьд in Lezgi.


References


  1. "Lezgi Language, Alphabet and Pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  2. Lezgin at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
  3. Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  4. Babak, Vladimir; Vaisman, Demian; Wasserman, Aryeh (23 November 2004). Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: Sources and Documents. ISBN 9781135776817.
  5. UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Archived February 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  6. "Enthnologue report for Lezgi". Ethnologue.com. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  7. Chitoran & Babaliyeva (2007:2153)
  8. Haspelmath (1993), p. 2
  9. Талибов Б. Б., Гаджиев М. М. Лезгинско-русский словарь. Moscow, 1966.
  10. Haspelmath (1993), p. 74

Bibliography





На других языках


[de] Lesgische Sprache

Lesgisch ist eine nordostkaukasische (nachisch-dagestanische) Sprache, die sich in die drei Dialekte Kubanisch (vorwiegend in Aserbaidschan, Region Quba und nördlich), Kürinisch (im Osten Süddaghestans) und Achtisch (rund um Achty im Westen Süddaghestans) aufteilt.[2]
- [en] Lezgian language

[es] Idioma lezgiano

El Idioma lezgiano o lezgui, también denominado daguestánico, es un idioma caucásico del nordeste hablado por los lezguinos que viven en el sur de Daguestán (una república de Rusia) al norte de Azerbaiyán.

[fr] Lezghien

Le lezghien (également : lezghine, lezgi[2] ; en lezghien : лезги чIал) est une langue parlée par les Lezghiens, qui vivent dans le sud du Daghestan (une république de la Fédération de Russie) et dans le nord de l'Azerbaïdjan.

[it] Lingua lesga

La lingua lesga,[1][2] detta anche lesghi,[3] lezghiano[4] o küru,[5] (.mw-parser-output .Unicode{font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic,Code2000,Doulos SIL,Chrysanthi Unicode,Bitstream Cyberbit,Bitstream CyberBase,Bitstream Vera,Thryomanes,Gentium,GentiumAlt,Visual Geez Unicode,Lucida Grande,Arial Unicode MS,Microsoft Sans Serif,Lucida Sans Unicode;font-family:inherit}лезги чIал in lesgo) è una lingua caucasica nordorientale parlata nella Federazione Russa, nella repubblica del Daghestan, e in Azerbaigian.

[ru] Лезгинский язык

Лезги́нский язы́к (самоназвание: лезги чӀал) — язык лезгин, живущих в южной части Дагестана и на севере Азербайджана[7][8]. Относится к лезгинской ветви нахско-дагестанской семьи языков гипотетической северокавказской надсемьи.



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