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Khinalug (also spelled Khinalig, Khinalugi, Xinalug(h), Xinaliq or Khinalugh) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 3,000 people in the villages of Khinalug and Gülüstan, Quba in the mountains of Quba Rayon, northern Azerbaijan. It forms its own independent branch within the Northeast Caucasian language family.[2]

Khinalug
каьтш мицI / kätš micʼ
Pronunciation[kætʃ mit͡sʼ]
Native toAzerbaijan
RegionQuba
Native speakers
3,000 (2007)[1]
Language family
Writing system
Cyrillic script, Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3kjj
Glottologkhin1240
ELPKhinalugh
  Khinalug
(in Azerbaijan)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Khinalug is endangered,[3] and classified as "severely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[4]


History


Khinalug is the language of the village Khinalug in the Quba district of Azerbaijan. It has been tentatively classified by previous researchers as a member of the Lezgian family of the Dagestani branch of Northeast Caucasian languages[5] Although Khinalug is the official language of the village, it is mostly spoken by villagers in informal circumstances, while the national language Azerbaijani is used formally for educational purposes and to communicate with non-Khinalug speakers.[5] Khinalug is considered to be a threatened language. In recent years, the road leading to the villages where it is spoken has fallen into disrepair, leaving the area mostly isolated.[6]


Phonology


A Latin orthography for Khinalug was developed in 2007 by a team of linguists from Moscow State University in collaboration with local school teachers in the village. It is presented in italics on the tables below.


Consonants


Consonants[7][8]
Labial Dental Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal [m] m[n] n
Plosive voiceless lenis [p] p[t] t [k] k [q] q [ʔ] ʔ
voiceless fortis [pː] pp[tː] tt [kː] kk [qː] qq
voiced [b] b[d] d [ɡ] g
ejective [pʼ] p'[tʼ] t' [kʼ] k'
Affricate voiceless lenis [t͡s] c [t͡ʃ] ç [k͡x] kx 3 [q͡χ]
voiceless fortis [t͡sː] cc [t͡ʃː] çç
voiced [d͡ʒ] j
ejective [t͡sʼ] c' [t͡ʃʼ] ç' [q͡χʼ] q'
Fricative voiceless [f] f[s] s [ʃ] ş [x] kh 2 [χ] x [ħ] hh 4 [h] h
voiced [v] v [z] z [ʒ] 1 [ɣ] gh 2 [ʁ] ğ [ʕ] ʕ 4
Trill [r] r
Approximant [l] l [j] y [w] w


1 The cedilla in the orthography is in the middle of the bottom of the <z>, as is typical of Russian linguistics.

2 Kh and gh are rare.

3 Kx is very rare.

4 The pharyngeal sounds mostly appear in Arabic loanwords.


Vowels


[7] Khinalug has nine vowels and four diphthongs.

Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
High [i] i [y] ü [ɯ] ı [u] u
Mid [e] e [ø] ö [o] o
Low [æ] ə [a] a

Diphthongs include: [iu] [ui] [oe] [oa].


Vocabulary


The following words were phonetically transcribed from Khinalug:[9]

Khinalug singularKhinalug pluralTranslation
arhazarhazırdırpen (enclosure for livestock)
c’imirc’imirdirsparrow
izinizindirgingiva
kırabkırabırdırgaloshes
mısırmısırdırrope
nek’idnek’idirdirback
t’uk’unt’uk’undurcheek
t’umbolt’umboldurprune
ustotustoturdurpepper
ustulustuldurtable
dalıgdalιgιrdιrwork
culozculozurdurtooth
jalkanjalkandιrmane
kotukkotukurdurtree stump
mektebmektebirdirschool (compare: maktab)
mizermizerdirtextile

Note: ı is roughly pronounced as the e in "fallen". u is roughly pronounced as the ou in "coup".


Alphabet


Khinalug Cyrillic alphabet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
А А̃ Аь Б В Г Гъ ГӀ ГӀв Д Дж Дз Е Е̃ Ж З И И̃ Й К Кв Кк Кх Кхв Кхкх Къв Кь КьӀ КӀ КӀв Л Лъ М Н О О̃ Оь
а а̃ аь б в г гъ гӀ гӀв д дж дз е е̃ ж з и и̃ й к кв кк кх кхв кхкх къв кь кьӀ кӀ кӀв л лъ м н о о̃ оь
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
П Пв ПӀ Р С Т Тт ТӀ ТӀв ТӀтӀ У У̃ Уь Ф Х Хъ Хъв Хь ХӀ Ӏ Ӏъ Ц Цв Цц ЦӀ ЦӀв Ч Чч ЧӀ ЧӀв Ш Шв Ъ Ы Э Ә Ә̃
п пв пӀ р с т тт тӀ тӀв тӀтӀ у у̃ уь ф х хъ хъв хь хӀ Ӏ Ӏъ ц цв цц цӀ цӀв ч чч чӀ чӀв ш шв ъ ы э ә ә̃
Khinalug Latin alphabet (2013)[10]
abcçĉ ċdeəf gğĝhĥ xı jk
qlm noöp rsŝş tuü vyzż

See also



References


  1. Khinalug at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Family tree of Northeast Caucasian languages at Ethnologue
  3. Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
  4. UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger Archived 2009-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Clifton, J.M. (2005). "The Sociolinguistic situation of the Khinalug in Azerbaijan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. Schulze, Wolfgang (2003). "[Khinulag]". Anthropological Linguistics. 450 (4): 450.
  7. Kodzasov, S.V., et al., 2007. Khinalug language alphabet (in: Russian).
  8. Khvtisiashvili, Tamrika (2013). Principal aspects of Xinaliq phonology and morphosyntax. University of Utah.
  9. Lubotsky, Alexander (2010). Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift: Breinbrekers uit alle talen [From Sanskrit to Cuneiform: Brain teasers from all languages] (in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press. pp. 12, 58–59. ISBN 978-9089641793. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  10. "Alphabet – xinaliq". Archived from the original on 3 August 2018.

Further reading





На других языках


[de] Chinalugische Sprache

Das Chinalug(h)ische (Eigenbezeichnung: [ketʃ mitsʼ] oder [kaʕtʃ mitsʼ]) wird von ca. 3.000 Menschen in Aserbaidschan gesprochen, vor allem in den Dörfern Xınalıq (auf dessen Namen die Bezeichnung „Chinalugisch“ zurückgeht) und Gülüstan. Es gehört zu den nordostkaukasischen Sprachen und wird von einigen Forschern der lesgischen Untergruppe dieser Sprachfamilie zugerechnet.
- [en] Khinalug language

[fr] Khinalug (langue)

Le khinalug (en khinalug kätš micʼ, кетш мицI ou каьтш мицI) est une langue de la famille des langues nakho-daghestaniennes. Il est parlé dans le rayon de Kuba en Azerbaïdjan. Dans les années 1970, le nombre de locuteurs s'élevait à environ 3 000. Le khinalug est une langue peu écrite.

[ru] Хиналугский язык

Хиналу́гский язык (хинал. каьтш мицӀ) — язык хиналугцев — малочисленной этнической группы, проживающей на северо-востоке Азербайджана в селе Хыналыг (ранее — Хиналуг; азерб. Xınalıq; самоназвание: Кетш, Ketş) Губинского района.



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