Nukunu (or Nugunu or many other names: see below) is a moribund Australian Aboriginal language spoken by Nukunu people on Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. As of 2017, there is a revival and maintenance programme under way for the language.[2]
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Names
This language has been known by many names by neighbouring tribes and Australianists, including:
Wongaidya (from wangkatya, present tense form of verb 'to speak')
Classification
Aboriginal languages of South Australia.
Nukunu is a Pama–Nyungan language, closely related to neighboring languages in the Miru cluster[3] like Narungga, Kaurna, and Ngadjuri.
Phonology
Vowels
Nukunu has three different vowels with contrastive long and short lengths (a, i, u, a:, i:, u:).
Front
Back
High
i iː
u uː
Low
a aː
Consonants
The Nukunu consonantal inventory is typical for a Pama–Nyungan language, with six places of articulation for stops and nasals. There are three rhotics in the language.
Peripheral
Laminal
Apical
Labial
Velar
Dental
Palatal
Alveolar
Retroflex
Stop
Voiceless
p
k
t̪
c
t
ʈ
Voiced
(ɖ)
Nasal
m
ŋ
n̪
ɲ
n
ɳ
Lateral
l̪
ʎ
l
ɭ
Tap
ɾ
Trill
r
Approximant
w
j
ɻ
A phonemic voicing contrast exists in Nukunu, but it has only been observed in the retroflex stop series. An example demonstrating such a contrast intervocalically is kurdi (phlegm, IPA ['kuɖi]) and kurti (quandong, IPA ['kuʈi]).
History
In contrast with other Thura–Yura languages, Nukunu did not partake in either the initial th- lenition before vowels or the lenition of initial k- before vowels.
Notes
L4 Nukunu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Hercus pp. 1; Schmidt called this cluster (a subgroup of Thura–Yura) as "Miru" in 1919. Perhaps these languages are part of the Kadli group as well.
References
Hercus, Luise Anna (1992). "Introduction". A Nukunu Dictionary. Maitland, South Australia: National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry.
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