Darkinjung (Darrkinyung; many other spellings; see below) is an Australian Aboriginal language, the traditional language of the Darkinjung people. While no audio recordings of the language survive, several researchers have compiled wordlists and grammatical descriptions. It has been classified as a language no longer fully spoken[2] and it can be classified as needing a language renewal[3] program. It was spoken adjacent to Dharuk, Wiradhuri, Guringai, Gamilaraay, and Awabakal. The Darkinjung tribe occupied a small part of southeastern Australia inside what is now the New South Wales area. They likely inhabited a considerable tract of land within Hunter, Northumberland, and Cook counties.[4]
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Darkinjung
Hawkesbury–MacDonald River
Region
New South Wales, Australia
Ethnicity
Darkinjung, Darkinung
Extinct
before sound recordings
Revival
A small number of second-language users in revival program
Darkinjung is an extinct language according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
Alternate names
The name of the language has various spellings as recorded by both Mathews and W.J. Enright, among others, whom worked off of documentation from the 19th century:[5]
Traditional lands of Australian Aboriginal tribes around Sydney, New South Wales
Darkinjang (Tindale 1974)
Darkinjung
Darkiñung (Mathews 1903)
Darrkinyung
Darginjang
Darginyung
Darkinung
Darkinoong
Darknüng
Darkinyung
Revitalisation effort
Since 2003 there has been a movement from the Darkinyung language group to revitalise the language. They started working with the original field reports of Robert H. Mathews and W. J. Enright. Where there were gaps in the sparsely populated wordlists, words were taken from lexically similar nearby languages. This led to the publication of the work Darkinyung grammar and dictionary: revitalising a language from historical sources.[5] This may be ordered from the publisher, Muurrbay Language Centre at http://www.muurrbay.org.au/muurrbay-resources/.
Phonology
Much of our understanding of Darkinjung comes from papers published by R.H. Mathews in 1903. When analyzing these sources, we may generalize that there were around 15 consonants phonemes, and approximately 3 vowels.[5]
Consonants
Bilabial
Dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Oral Stop
b
d̪
d
ɟ
g
Nasal
m
n̪
n
ɲ
ŋ
Trill
r
Approximant
w
ɹ
j
Lateral Approximant
l
In Darkinjung, like many Australian languages, b, d, and g are interchangeable with p, t, and k and will not change the meaning of the word. The fact that this table shows b, d, and g is arbitrary.
Vowels
Front Unrounded
Central Unrounded
Back Rounded
High
ɪ
ʊ
Low
ɐ
Morphology
"Tags"
Darkinjung makes use of what Mathews refers to as "tags," or suffixes to denote relationships between objects in sentences.[5]
Number tags -bula "two" and -biyn "several"
miri-bula
a couple of dogs
Possessor Tag: -gayi
guri-
gayi
bargan
man
POSS
boomerang
'a man's boomerang'
Locative "at, on, in" tags: -a/ -da/ -dja/ -ga/ -wa
The locative tags -ga and -wa appear to be found after stems ending in vowels.[5]
gawin-da
nhayi
bank-Loc
that.over.there
'on the other side'
Words with locational information seem to coincide with nouns that also carry a locative tag:
wallang-gayn-dja
gundji-ga
gara-dhi
behind-?-Loc
hut-Loc
hide-Pres
'around the house, hidden'
Ergative case tags: -a/ -da/ -ga/ -ya. Words that end in the consonant ŋ receive that tag /-ga/
nyugang-ga
wagar
mana-yi
woman-Erg
perch
get-Past
'the woman caught a perch'
References
S65 Darkinjung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
National Indigenous Languages Survey Report 2005
Australian Indigenous Languages Framework (Senior Secondary Assessment Board of South Australia, 1996)
Jones, Caroline (2008). Darkinyung grammar and dictionary: revitalising a language from historical sources. Nambucca Heads, Australia: Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative. ISBN978-0-9775351-9-4.
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