The Pa'O language (also spelled Pa-O or Pa-oh; Pa'o Karen: ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ, listen (help·info)); Burmese: ပအိုဝ်းဘာသာ), sometimes called Taungthu, is a Karen language spoken by one and a half million Pa'O people in Myanmar.
Pa'O | |
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Taungthu | |
ပအိုဝ်ႏ | |
Native to | Myanmar |
Ethnicity | Pa'O people |
Native speakers | 1.5 million (2014)[1] |
Language family | Sino-Tibetan
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Writing system | Burmese script (Pa'O alphabet) Karen Braille |
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | ![]() |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | blk |
Glottolog | paok1235 |
The language is primarily written using a system of phonetics devised by Christian missionaries,[2][3] and many of the materials now available for it on the Internet derive from Christian missionary involvement, although most of the Pa'O are generally reported to be Buddhists (without real statistics, etc.).
The language is also referred to by the exonyms "Black Karen" and "White Karen", both of which are terms used in contrast to "Red Karen" (Karenni), also of Myanmar.
Dialects include Taunggyi and Kokareit.[4]
The following displays the phonological features of the Pa'O (Taungthu) language:[5]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
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Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | kʰ | ||
voiced | b | d | ||||
Fricative | s | h | ||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
Trill | r | |||||
Approximant | lateral | l | ||||
central | w | j |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | ʉ | u |
High-mid | e | o | |
Mid | ə | ||
Low-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Low | a | ||
Glided | aⁱ | aᵘ |
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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East and Southeast Asia |
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Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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Proposed groupings |
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Proto-languages |
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. |
Karenic languages | |||||||||
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Northern | |||||||||
Central |
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Southern |
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Proto-language |
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Languages of Myanmar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Semiofficial language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indigenous languages (by state or region) |
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Non-Indigenous |
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Sign languages |
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