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Tai Lue (Tai Lü: ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ, kam tai lue, [kâm.tâj.lɯ̀], Tai Tham: ᨣᩴᩣᨴᩱᩭᩃᩧ᩶) or Tai Lɯ, Tai Lü, Thai Lue, Tai Le, Xishuangbanna Dai (Chinese: 傣仂语; pinyin: Dǎilèyǔ; Burmese: လူးရှမ်း, romanized: luu Shan; Lao: ພາສາໄຕລື້; Thai: ภาษาไทลื้อ, phasa thai lue, pronounced [pʰāː.sǎː.tʰāj.lɯ́ː]; Vietnamese: tiếng Lự or tiếng Lữ), is a Tai language of the Lu people, spoken by about 700,000 people in Southeast Asia. This includes 280,000 people in China (Yunnan), 200,000 in Burma, 134,000 in Laos, 83,000 in Thailand and 4,960 in Vietnam.[2] The language is similar to other Tai languages and is closely related to Kham Mueang or Tai Yuan, which is also known as Northern Thai language. In Yunnan, it is spoken in all of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, as well as Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County in Pu'er City.
| Tai Lue | |
|---|---|
| ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ, ᨣᩴᩣᨴᩱᩭᩃᩧ᩶ kam tai lue | |
| Native to | China, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, United States |
| Region | Yunnan, China |
| Ethnicity | Tai Lue |
Native speakers | 550,000 (2000–2013)[1] |
Language family | Kra–Dai
|
Writing system | Tai Tham alphabet, Thai alphabet, New Tai Lue alphabet |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in |  China Laos Thailand Myanmar Vietnam United States |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | khb |
| Glottolog | luuu1242 |
In Vietnam, Tai Lue speakers are officially recognised as the Lự ethnic minority, although in China they are classified as part of the Dai people, along with speakers of the other Tai languages apart from Zhuang.
Phonology
Tai Lue has 21 syllable-initial consonants, 9 syllable-finals and six tones (three different tones in checked syllables, six in open syllables).
Consonants
Initials
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labial | ||||||
| Nasal | [m] | [n] | [ŋ] | ||||
| Plosive | tenuis | [p] | [t] | [k] | [kʷ] | [ʔ] | |
| aspirated | [pʰ] | [tʰ] | |||||
| voiced | [b] | [d] | |||||
| Affricate | [t͡s] | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | [f] | [s] | [x] | [xʷ] | [h] | |
| voiced | [v] | ||||||
| Approximant | [l] | [j] | |||||
The initials t͡s- and s- are palatalized before front vowels (which in the language are i, e, and ɛ) and become t͡ɕ- and ɕ-, respectively. For example, /t͡síŋ/ "hard" and /si᷄p/ "ten" are pronounced as [t͡ɕiŋ˥] and [ɕip˧˥] respectively. (Some textbooks denote t͡s as c).
Finals
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | [m] | [n] | [ŋ] | ||
| Plosive | [p] | [t] | [k] | [ʔ] | |
| Approximant | [w] | [j] |
Vowels
| Front | Central-Back | Back |
|---|---|---|
| /i/ | /ɯ/ | /u/ /uː/ |
| /e/ | /ɤ/ | /o/ |
| /ɛ/ | /a/ /aː/ | /ɔ/ |
Generally, vowels in open syllables (without codas) occur as long whereas ones in closed syllables are short (except /aː/ and /uː/).
Tones
Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables
The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. There are six tones for unchecked syllables, although only three are allowed in checked syllables (those ending with -p, -t or -k).
| Description | Contour | Transcription | Example | Old Tai Lue | New Tai Lue script | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | 55 | á | /káː/ | ᦂᦱ | ᦂ | crow |
| high rising | 35 | a᷄ | /ka᷄ː/ | ᨠ᩵ᩣ | ᦂᧈ | to go |
| low rising | 13 | a᷅ | /ka᷅ː/ | ᨠᩢᩣ | ᦂᧉ | rice shoots |
| falling | 51 | â | /kâː/ | ᨣᩤ | ᦅ | to be stuck |
| mid | 33 | a (not marked) | /kaː/ | ᨣᩤ᩵ | ᦅᧈ | price |
| low | 11 | à | /kàː/ | ᨣᩤᩢ | ᦅᧉ | to do business |
Contrastive tones in checked syllables
The table below presents two phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds which are [p], [t], and [k].
| Tone | Example | New Tai Lue | Phonemic | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| high-risinɡ | ᩉᩖᩢᨠ | ᦜᧅᧈ | /la᷄k/ | post |
| mid | ᩃᩢ᩠ᨠ | ᦟᧅᧈ | /lāk/ | steal |
| high-risinɡ | ᩉᩖᩣ᩠ᨠ | ᦜᦱᧅᧈ | /la᷄ːk/ | differ from others |
| mid | ᩃᩣ᩠ᨠ | ᦟᦱᧅᧈ | /lāːk/ | draɡ, pull |
Grammar
Pronouns
| Person | Singular Familiar | Singular | Deferential | Plural Familiar | Plural | Deferential |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | ᦕᦴᧉᦃᦱᧉ (pʰuu3xaa3) | ᦃᦱᧉ (xaa3) | ᦃᦱᧉᦓᦾᧉ (xaa3nɔj6) | - | ᦎᦴ (tuu1) (exclusive), ᦣᧁ (haw4) (inclusive) | ᦎᦴᦃᦾᧉ (tuu1xɔj3) (exclusive) |
| 2nd | ᦈᧁᧉᦙᧃ (caw3man4) | ᦆᦲᧂ (xiŋ4) | ᦎᦳᧃᦈᧁᧉ (tun1caw3) | ᦉᦴ (suu1) | ᦉᦴᦑᦱᧃᧈ (suu1taan5) | - |
| 3rd | ᦎᦳᧃᦑᦱᧃᧈ (tun1taan5) | ᦙᧃ (man4) | - | ᦎᦳᧃᦑᦱᧃᧈ (tun1taan5) | ᦃᧁ (xaw1) | ᦃᧁᦈᧁᧉ (xaw1caw3) |
Syntax
Word order is usually subject–verb–object (SVO); modifiers (e.g. adjectives) follow nouns.
Interrogatives
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| ᦉᧂ (saŋ1) | What |
| ᦌᦹ (sɯɯ4) | Why |
| ᦂᦲᧈ (kii1) | How many |
| ᦺᦕ (pʰaj1) | Who |
| ᦺᦐ (naj1) | Where |
Vocabulary
As in Thai and Lao, Tai Lue has borrowed many Sanskrit and Pali words and affixes. Among the Tai languages in general, Tai Lue has limited intelligibility with Shan and Tai Nua and shares much vocabulary with, the other Southwestern Tai languages. Tai Lue has 95% lexical similarity with Northern Thai (Lanna), 86% with Central Thai, 93% with Shan, and 95% with Khun.[1]
Below, some Thai Lue words are given with standard Central Thai equivalents for comparison. Thai words are shown on the left and Tai Lue words, written in New Tai Lue script, are shown on the right.
Different words
Many words differ from Thai greatly:
- ยี่สิบ → ᨪᩣ᩠ᩅ (/jîː sìp/ → /sâːw/, twenty; cf. Lao: /sáːw/, Northern Thai: /sāw/)
- พูด → ᩋᩪᩢ (/pʰûːt/ → /ʔu᷅ː/, to speak; cf. Northern Thai: /ʔu᷇ː/)
- พี่ชาย → ᩋᩢᩣ᩠ᨿ (/pʰîː t͡ɕʰaːj/ → /ʔa᷅ːj/, older brother; cf. Lao: /ʔâːj/, Northern Thai: /ʔa᷇ːj/)
Similar words
Some words differ in tone only:
- หนึ่ง → ᨶ᩠ᨦᩧ᩵ (/nɯŋ/, one)
- หก → ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ (/hók/, six)
- เจ็ด → ᩮᨧ᩠ᨯ (/t͡ɕét/, seven)
- สิบ → ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ (/síp/, ten)
- กิน → ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ (/kín/, to eat)
Some words differ in a single sound and associated tone. In many words, the initial ร (/r/) in Thai is ฮ (/h/) in Tai Lue, as is also the case in Lao and Tai Yuan:
- ร้อน → ᩁᩢᩬᩁ (/rɔ́n/ → /hɔ̀n/, hot; cf. Lao: /hɔ̂n/, Northern Thai: /hɔ́ːn/)
- รัก → ᩁᩢ᩠ᨠ (/rák/ → /hak/, to love; cf. Lao: /hāk/, Northern Thai: /ha᷇k/)
- รู้ → ᩁᩪᩢ (/rúː/ → /hùː/, to know; cf. Lao: /hûː/, Northern Thai: /húː/)
Aspirated consonants in the low-class consonant group(อักษรต่ำ /ʔàk sɔ̌n tàm/) become unaspirated:
- เชียงราย → ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ (/t͡ɕʰiaŋ raːj/ → /t͡ɕêŋ hâːj/, Chiang Rai city and province)
- คิด → ᨣᩧ᩠ᨯ (/kʰít/ → /kɯt/, to think; cf. Northern Thai: /kɯ́t/)
- พ่อ → ᨻᩳ᩵ (/pʰɔ̂/ → /pɔ/, father; cf. Northern Thai: /pɔ̂ː/)
- ทาง → ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ (/tʰaːŋ/ → /tâːŋ/, way; cf. Northern Thai: /tāːŋ/)
(Note that the vowels also differ greatly between Tai Lue and Thai in many words, even though they are etymologically related and share the same root.)
Though many aspirated consonants often become unaspirated, when an unaspirated consonant is followed by ร (/r/) the unaspirated consonant becomes aspirated:
- ประเทศ → ᨷᩕᨴᩮ᩠ᩆ (/praʔtʰêːt/ → /pʰaʔtêːt/, country; cf. Northern Thai /pʰa.têːt/)
Other differences:
- ให้ → ᩉᩨᩢ (/hâj/ → /hɯ᷅/, to give, let)
Numbers
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 100 | 10,000 | 100,000 | 1,000,000 |
| ᧚ | ᧒ | ᧓ | ᧔ | ᧕ | ᧖ | ᧗ | ᧘ | ᧙ | ᧚᧐ | ᧚᧐᧐ | ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐ | ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐ | ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐ |
| ᦓᦹᧂᧈ | ᦉᦸᧂ | ᦉᧄ | ᦉᦲᧈ | ᦠᦱᧉ | ᦠᦸᧅ | ᦵᦈᧆ | ᦶᦔᧆᧈ | ᦂᧁᧉ | ᦉᦲᧇ | ᦠᦸᦲᧉ | ᦖᦹᧃᧈ | ᦶᦉᧃ | ᦟᧃᧉ |
| ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ | ᩈᩬᨦ | ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ | ᩈᩦ᩵ | ᩉᩢᩣ | ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ | ᩮᨧ᩠ᨯ | ᩯᨸ᩠ᨯ | ᩮᨠᩢᩢᩣ | ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ | ᩁᩢᩭ | ᩉ᩠ᨾᩨ᩵ᩁ | ᩯᩈ᩠ᨶ | ᩃᩢᩣ᩠ᨶ |
| nɯŋ | sɔ́ŋ | sám | ɕi᷄ː | ha᷅ː | hók | t͡ɕét | pɛ᷄t | ka᷅w | ɕíp | hɔ̀i | mɯ᷄n | ɕɛ́n | làn |
Writing systems
Tai Lue is written in three different scripts. One is the Fak Kham script, a variety of the Thai script of Sukhothai. The second is the Tham script, which was reformed in the 1950s, but is still in use and has recently regained government support. The new script is a simplified version of the old script.
Fak Kham
An ancient script, also used in Kengtung, Northern Thailand and Northern Laos centuries ago.
Tham
The Tham script is called 老傣文 lao dai wen (Old Tai script) in China. Readable by the most people in Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.
New Tai Lue
New Tai Lue is a modernization of the Lanna alphabet (also known as the Tai Tham script), which is similar to the Thai alphabet, and consists of 42 initial consonant signs (21 high-tone class, 21 low-tone class), seven final consonant signs, 16 vowel signs, two tone letters and one vowel shortening letter (or syllable-final glottal stop). Vowels signs can be placed before or after the syllable initial consonant.
Similar to the Thai alphabet, the pronunciation of the tone of a syllable depends on the class the initial consonant belongs to, syllable structure and vowel length, and the tone mark.
Related varieties
The Bajia people (八甲人), who number 1,106 individuals in Mengkang Village (勐康村), Meng'a Town (勐阿镇), Menghai County, Yunnan, speak a language closely related to Tai Lue.[citation needed] There are 225 Bajia people living in Jingbo Township 景播乡, Menghai County (You 2013:270).[5] The Bajia are also known as the Chinese Dai 汉傣.
See also
- Tai Nüa language
- Tai Dam language
References
- Tai Lue at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- "Lü". Ethnologue.
- Tai Lü Dictionary – Webonary
- Tai Lü Dictionary – Webonary
- You, Weiqiong 尤伟琼 (2013). Yúnnán mínzú shìbié yánjiū 云南民族识别研究 [Classifying Ethnic Groups of Yunnan] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-105-12703-0.
Further reading
- Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou (2002). Dǎi Hàn cídiǎn 傣汉词典 [Dai–Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese). Kunming shi: Yunnan minzu chubanshe. – This is a dictionary of Tai Lue in unreformed spelling.
- Yu, Cuirong 喻翠荣; Luo, Meizhen 罗美珍 (2004). Dǎilè Hàn cídiǎn 傣仂汉词典 [Tai Lue–Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese). Beijing shi: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 7-105-05834-X.
- Hanna, William J. (2012). Dai Lue-English Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 978-616-215-031-9.
External links
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На других языках
[de] Tai Lü
Tai Lü (auch Xishuangbanna-Tai bzw. -Dai; Eigenbezeichnung in IPA: [.mw-parser-output .IPA a{text-decoration:none}tai51 lɯː11]; chinesisch .mw-parser-output .Hani{font-size:110%}傣仂语, Pinyin Dǎilèyǔ; laotisch: .mw-parser-output .Laoo{font-size:120%}ພາສາໄທລື້; thailändisch .mw-parser-output .Thai{font-size:115%}ภาษาไทลื้อ; vietnamesisch Lự) ist eine Sprache (oder eine Dialektgruppe) aus der Familie der Tai-Kadai-Sprachen. Innerhalb dieser gehört sie zum südwestlichen Zweig der Tai-Sprachen. Es wird von den Angehörigen des gleichnamigen, über mehrere Staaten Südostasiens verstreut lebenden Volks der Tai Lü gesprochen. Tai Lü hat etwa 280.000 Sprecher in China, wo die Lü als Teil der Dai, eine der 55 offiziell anerkannten nationalen Minderheiten, klassifiziert werden. In Laos wird die Sprecherzahl mit 123.000, in Thailand mit 83.000, in Myanmar mit 60.000 und in Vietnam mit etwa 5.000 angegeben.[1]- [en] Tai Lue language
[fr] Taï lü
Le taï lü (chinois simplifié : 傣仂语 ; chinois traditionnel : 傣仂語 ; pinyin : dǎilèyǔ ; thaï : ภาษาไทลื้อ), encore appelé taï de Sipsongpanna ou taï de Xishuangbanna (chinois 西双版纳傣话 / 西雙版納傣話, Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎihuà) est une langue parlée par la minorité dai, principalement dans le sud du Yunnan en Chine, où c'est une langue régionale officielle.[ru] Лы (язык)
Язык лы (ᦑᦺᦟᦹᧉ; также тай-лы, тай-люэ, тай-лэ; tâi lɯ̀; синьшуанбаньские дайцы; китайский: кит. трад. 傣仂語, упр. 傣仂语, пиньинь dǎilèyǔ, палл. дайлэюй; тайск. ภาษาไทลื้อ пхаса тхай лы, pʰāːsǎː tʰāj lɯ́ː; вьетн. Lự или вьетн. Lữ) — язык, на котором говорит около 700 000 человек в Юго-Восточной Азии, включая 280 000 человек в Китае, 200 000 в Мьянме, 134 000 в Лаосе, 83 000 в Таиланде и 4960 во Вьетнаме[1]. Язык относится к юго-западнотайским, близкородственен с юанским. В Китае распространён в Сишуанбаньна-Дайском АО (включая город Цзинхун, уезд Мэнла, уезд Мэнхай), а также Цзянчэн-Хани-Ийском автономном уезде в городском округе Пуэр.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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