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Jingpho (Jinghpaw, Chingp'o, Jìngphòʔ gà / ဈိာင်ဖေါစ်) or Kachin (Burmese: ကချင်ဘာသာ, [kətɕɪ̀ɰ̃ bàðà]), is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Sal branch mainly spoken in Kachin State, Burma and Yunnan, China. There are many meanings for Jingpho. In the Jingpho language, Jingpho means people or Jinghpho tribe.[2] The term "Kachin language" can refer either to the Jingpho language or to a group of languages spoken by various ethnic groups in the same region as Jingpo: Lisu, Lashi, Rawang, Zaiwa, Lhao Vo, Achang and Jingpho. These languages are from distinct branches of the highest level of the Tibeto-Burman family. The Jingpho alphabet is based on the Latin script.

Jingpho
Kachin
Jinghpaw
ဈိာင်ဖေါစ်
Pronunciationtɕiŋ˧˩pʰɔʔ˧˩
Native toBurma, China, India
RegionKachin State, Yingjiang County
EthnicityJingpho
Native speakers
ca. 940,000 (1999–2001)[1]
Language family
Dialects
Writing system
Latin alphabet
Burmese script
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
 Myanmar
Language codes
ISO 639-2kac
ISO 639-3Variously:
kac  Jinghpaw
sgp  Singpho
tcl  Taman
Glottologjing1260
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The ethnic Jingpho (or Kachin) are the primary speakers of Jingpho language, numbering approximately 900,000 speakers.[3] The Turung of Assam in India speak a Jingpho dialect with many Assamese loanwords, called Singpho.

Jingpho syllable finals can consist of vowels, nasals or oral stops.


Dialects


There are at least 16 Jingphoish (Kachinic) varieties (Kurabe 2014:59). The demographic and location information listed below is drawn from Kurabe (2014). Standard Jingpho and Nkhum are the best described varieties, whereas the Jingphoish varieties of India have been recently documented by Stephen Morey. Jingphoish varieties in northern Kachin State remain little described.

The Ethnologue lists Duleng (Dalaung, Dulong[4]), Dzili (Jili), Hkaku (Hka-Hku), and Kauri (Gauri, Guari, Hkauri). According to the Ethnologue, Dzili might be a separate language, whereas Hkaku and Kauri are only slightly different.

Other underdescribed Jingphoish varieties include Mungji and Zawbung.[5] Shanke is a recently described language closely related to Jingpho, although its speakers identify themselves as Naga.[6]


Southern


Small pockets of Jingpho speakers are also scattered across Gengma County 耿马县, including the following villages (Dai Qingxia 2010).[8] Dai (2010) also includes 1,000-word vocabulary lists of the Yingjiang 盈江, Xinzhai 新寨, and Caoba 草坝 dialects.


Northeastern



Northwestern


Singpho (Northwestern Jingphoish) varieties of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, India include the following.


Internal classification


Kurabe (2014) classifies seven Jingphoish dialects as follows.

The Southern branch is characterized the loss of Proto-Jingpho final stop *-k in some lexical items. The Northern branch is characterized by the following mergers of Proto-Jingpho phonemes (Kurabe 2014:60).


Grammar


Jingpho has verbal morphology that marks the subject and the direct object. Here is one example (the tonemes are not marked). The verb is 'to be' (rai).

present past
1st person singular rai n ngairai sa ngai
plural rai ga airai sa ga dai
2nd person singular rai n dairai sin dai
plural rai ma dairai ma sin dai
3rd person singular rai airai sai
plural rai ma airai ma sai

Phonology


The following is in Standard Jingpho:


Consonants


Labial Dental/
Alveolar
(Alveolo-)
palatal
Retroflex Velar Glottal
plain pal. fric. plain pal. plain pal. fric.
Nasal voiced m n ŋ
glottalized ˀm ˀmʲ ˀn ˀnʲ ˀŋ
Plosive voiceless p pᶼ t k kᶼ ʔ
aspirated pʰʲ pʰᶼ kʰʲ kʰᶼ
voiced b bᶼ d ɡ ɡʲ ɡᶼ
Affricate voiceless ts
voiced dz
Fricative s ɕ (h)
Approximant central w l j ɻ
glottalized ˀw ˀl ˀj ˀɻ

Vowels


Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e ə o
Low a

Tones


Jingpho has four tones in open syllables, and two tones in closed syllables (high and low).[18] Tones are not usually marked in writing, although they can be transcribed using diacritics as follows:[18]

Tone Orthography
High á
Mid a
Low à
Falling â

Vocabulary


The Jingpho lexicon contains a large number of words of both Tibeto-Burman and non-Tibeto-Burman stock, including Burmese and Shan.[19] Burmese loan words reflect two stratas, an older stratum reflecting the phonology of conservative written Burmese, and a newer stratum reflecting words drawn from modern Burmese phonology.[19] The older strata consist of vocabulary borrowed from Burmese via Shan, which also exhibits the pre-modern phonology of Burmese vocabulary.[19] Jingpho has also borrowed a large number of lexical items from Shan, with which it has been in close ethnolinguistic contact for several centuries.[20] Jingpho, as the lingua franca in the northern highlands of Myanmar, has in turn been the source language of vocabulary into other regional languages like Rawang and Zaiwa.[19]


Orthography


The Jingpho writing system is a Latin-based alphabet consisting of 23 letters, and very little use of diacritical marks, originally created by American Baptist missionaries in the late 19th century. It is considered one of the simplest writing systems of the Tibeto-Burman languages, as other languages utilise their own alphabets, such as abugidas or syllabary.

Ola Hanson, one of the first people to establish an alphabet, arrived in Myanmar in 1890, learned the language and wrote the first Kachin–English dictionary. In 1965, the alphabet was reformed.


Initials


Old
alphabet
New
alphabet
IPAOld
alphabet
New
alphabet
IPAOld
alphabet
New
alphabet
IPAOld
alphabet
New
alphabet
IPA
bbppypypʲ-rrɻkkɡ
ppbhpyhpypʰʲlllhkhk
hphpmymyyyj nggrkᶼ
mmmddtzztsgykrɡᶼ
www ttdtstsdzkyhkrkʰᶼ
ffhthtzhtsʰkhygy
brpᶼnnnjjkykʲ-
prbᶼ nynyŋʲchychyhkykʰʲ
hprpʰᶼssschtʃʰngŋ
bybyshshʃ, ɕggkhx

Finals


Old
alphabet
New
alphabet
IPAOld
alphabet
New
alphabet
IPAOld
alphabet
New
alphabet
IPAOld
alphabet
New
alphabet
IPA
iiiwiuiuienenenawmomom
eeeipipipengengawnonon
aaaitititapapapawngong
awooikikikatatatupupup
uuuimimimakakakututut
iauiɑuinininamamamukukuk
iuiuinginganananumumum
aiaiaiepepepangangununun
auauauetetetawpopopungung
oioioiekekekawtotot
uaemememawkokok

Burmese orthography


Jingpho is also written in the Burmese alphabet.[21]


Consonants


Vowels

[-a] is the inherent vowel in every syllable.


Other diacritics


Other diacritics


References


  1. Jinghpaw at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Singpho at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Taman at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Chyauhpa Brang Li (2015). "Jinghpaw ngu ai kadai" [Who are the Jinghpo]. The Kachin Times. Vol. 1, no. 4. p. 37.
  3. "ISO 639 Code: kac". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
  4. Not to be confused with "Dulong", the Mandarin transcription of Derung people. the Chinese transcription of Duleng is "杜连" Dulian
  5. Kurabe, Keita. "Kurabe Keita". Researchmap. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Field research on the Mungji and Zawbung dialects of Jingpho in Burma
  6. Shintani, Tadahiko (2015). The Shanke Language. Linguistic Survey of Tay Cultural Area (LSTCA), No. 104. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  7. Liu, Lu 刘璐 (1984). Jǐngpǒzú yǔyán jiǎnzhì 景颇族语言简志 [A Brief Description of the Jingpo Language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. pp. 121–122.
  8. Dai, Qingxia 戴庆厦 (2010). Gěngmǎ xiàn jǐngpǒzú yǔyán shǐyòng xiànzhuàng jíqí yǎnbiàn 耿马县景颇族语言使用现状及其演变 [The Status Quo and Evolution of Language Use of the Jingpo Nationality in Gengma] (in Chinese). Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan. ISBN 978-7-100-07152-9.
  9. Yunnan sheng difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui, ed. (1998). Yúnnán shěngzhì, Juǎn wǔshíjiǔ: shǎoshù mínzú yǔyán wénzì zhì 云南省志. 卷五十九, 少数民族语言文字志 [Yunnan Provincial Gazetteer, Vol. 59: Minority Languages Orthographies Gazetteer] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe. p. 391.
  10. "Yíngjiāng Xiàn Tàipíng Zhèn Kǎyá Cūn Zhèngtōng Gǒng Zìráncūn" 盈江县太平镇卡牙村正通拱自然村 [Zhengtong Gong Natural Village, Kaya Village, Taiping Town, Yingjiang County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  11. "Yíngjiāng Xiàn Tàipíng Zhèn Lóngpén Cūn" 盈江县太平镇龙盆村 [Longpen Village, Taiping Town, Yingjiang County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  12. "Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Hèpài Xiāng Mángkàng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Jǐngpǒ Zìráncūn" 耿马傣族佤族自治县贺派乡芒抗村民委员会景颇自然村 [Jingpo Natural Village, Mangkang Village Committee, Hepai Township, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  13. "Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Gěngmǎ Zhèn Nòngbā Cūnwěihuì Nòngbā Dàzhài (Nàlǒng) Zìráncūn" 耿马傣族佤族自治县耿马镇弄巴村委会弄巴大寨(那拢)自然村 [Nongba Dazhai (Nalong) Natural Village, Nongba Village Committee, Gengma Town, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  14. "Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Mèngdìng Zhèn Jǐngxìn Cūnwěihuì Hèwěn Zìráncūn" 耿马傣族佤族自治县孟定镇景信村委会贺稳自然村 [Hewen Natural Village, Jingxin Village Committee, Mengding Town, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  15. "Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Mèngdìng Zhèn Qiūshān Cūnwěihuì Hébiānzhài Zìráncūn" 耿马傣族佤族自治县孟定镇邱山村委会河边寨自然村 [Hebianzhai Natural Village, Qiushan Village Committee, Mengding Town, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  16. "Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Mèngdìng Zhèn Mángài Cūnwěihuì" 耿马傣族佤族自治县孟定镇芒艾村委会 [Mang'ai Village Committee, Mengding Town, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  17. Yue, Ma La (2006). "Jingpo Dulianhua gaikuang" [An Overview of Duleng Jingpo]. Minzu yuwen (in Chinese). 2006 (4): 68–81.
  18. Kurabe, Keita (2014). "Phonological Inventories of Seven Jingphoish Languages and Dialects". Kyōtodaigaku gengogaku kenkyū / Kyoto University Linguistic Research. 33: 57–88. doi:10.14989/196278. hdl:2433/196278.
  19. Kurabe, Keita (2016). "Phonology of Burmese Loanwords in Jinghpaw". Kyōtodaigaku gengogaku kenkyū / Kyoto University Linguistic Research. 35: 91–128. doi:10.14989/219015. hdl:2433/219015.
  20. Kurabe, Keita (2017). "A Classified Lexicon of Shan Loanwords in Jinghpaw". Asian and African Languages and Linguistics. 2017 (11): 129–166. hdl:10108/89212.
  21. "Jingpho (Jìngphòʔ gà / ဈိာင်ေဖါစ်)". Omniglot. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

Bibliography





На других языках


- [en] Jingpho language

[fr] Jinghpo

Le jinghpo (ou kachin) est une langue tibéto-birmane appartenant à la sous-famille jinghpo-bodo-konyak (kachinique). C'est une langue à tons. L'ethnie Jingpo, ou Kachin (ka khrang en birman) est écartelée entre le Yunnan en Chine, l'état Kachin de la Birmanie et la Thaïlande. Elle contient outre les locuteurs du jinghpo, des locuteurs de langues lolo-birmanes ayant adopté la structure sociale des Jinghpo.

[ru] Качинский язык

Качинский язык, также цзинпо (бирм. ကချင်ဘာသာ качхин бата) — тибето-бирманский язык, родной язык народа качин, официальный язык штата Качин и язык качинской диаспоры в Индии, Сингапуре, Японии и США. Суммарно имеет около 900 тысяч носителей[1]. Иногда качинскими называют группу языков, на которых говорят народы, живущие рядом с качинами: лису, лаши, раванг, цзайва, мару, ачан и сингпхо[en].



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