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Sahaptin or Shahaptin, endonym Ichishkin,[2] is one of the two-language Sahaptian branch of the Plateau Penutian family spoken in a section of the northwestern plateau along the Columbia River and its tributaries in southern Washington, northern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho, in the United States;[3] the other language is Nez Perce or Niimi'ipuutímt. Many of the tribes that surrounded the land were skilled with horses and trading with one another; some tribes were known for their horse breeding which resulted in today's Appaloosa or Cayuse horse.^[relevant?]

Sahaptin
Native to	United States
Region	Washington, Oregon, and Idaho
Ethnicity	10,000 Sahaptins (1977)[1]
Native speakers	100–125 (2007)[1]
Language family	Plateau Penutian Sahaptian Sahaptin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: uma – Umatilla waa – Walla Walla yak – Yakama tqn – Tenino
Linguist List	qot Sahaptin
Glottolog	saha1240
ELP	Sahaptin

The word Sahaptin/Shahaptin is not the one used by the tribes that speak it, but from the Columbia Salish name, Sħáptənəxw / S-háptinoxw, which means "stranger in the land". This is the name the Wenatchi (in Sahaptin: Winátshapam) and Kawaxchinláma (who speak Columbia Salish) traditionally call the Nez Perce people. Early white explorers mistakenly applied the name to all the various Sahaptin speaking people, as well as to the Nez Perce. Sahaptin is spoken by various tribes of the Washington Reservations; Yakama, Warm Springs, Umatilla; and also spoken in many smaller communities such as Celilo, Oregon.

The Yakama tribal cultural resources program has been promoting the use of the traditional name of the language, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit (″this language″), instead of the Salish term Sahaptin.[4]

Tribes and dialects

Sahaptin tribes speak three mutually intelligible dialects:[5]

Northern Sahaptin

Northwest Sahaptin dialects:

• Kittitas (Upper Yakama) (autonym: Pshwánapam / Pshwanpawam)
• Lower Yakama (Yakama proper) (autonym: Mámachatpam)
• Klickitat (Klikatat) (Yakama name: Xwálxwaypam or L'ataxat)

• Upper Cowlitz (Cowlitz Klickitat, Lewis River Klickitat Band, autonym: Taidnapam / Táytnapam)
• Upper (Mountain) Nisqually (Meshal / Me-Schal / Mashel / Mica'l Band of Nisqually, autonym: Mishalpam, Yakama name: Mical-ɫa'ma)

Northeast Sahaptin dialects:

• Wanapum (Wánapam)
• Walla Walla (Yakama name: Waluulapan)
• Palouse (Palus) (Yakama name: Pelúuspem)
• Lower Snake River

• Chamnapam
• Wauyukma
• Naxiyampam

Southern Sahaptin (Columbia River dialects):

• Umatilla (Rock Creek Indians, Yakama name: Amatalamlama / Imatalamlama)
• Sk'in/Skin-pah (Sawpaw Band, Fall Bridge, Rock Creek people, Yakama name: K'milláma, perhaps another Tenino subtribe)
• Tenino (Warm Springs bands)

• Tinainu (Tinaynuɫáma) or "Dalles Tenino" (Tenino proper)
• Tygh (Taih, Tyigh) or "Upper Deschutes" (divided into: Tayxɫáma (Tygh Valley), Tiɫxniɫáma (Sherar's Bridge), and Mliɫáma (Warm Spring Reservation)
• Wyam (Wayámɫáma) or "Lower Deschutes" (Celilo Indians, Yakama name: Wayámpam)
• Dock-Spus (Tukspush) (Takspasɫáma) or "John Day"

Phonology

The charts of consonants and vowels below are used in the Yakima Sahaptin (Ichishkiin) language:[6]

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar			(Alveolo-) palatal	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
			plain	sibilant	lateral		plain	labial	plain	labial
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p	t	ts	tɬ	tʃ	k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	tsʼ	tɬʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ	qʼ	qʷʼ
Fricative				s	ɬ	ʃ	x	xʷ	χ	χʷ	h
Nasal		m	n
Approximant					l	j		w

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː	ɨ	u uː
Low		a aː

Vowels can also be accented (e.g. /á/).

Writing system

This writing system is used for Umatilla Sahaptin.

Sahaptin alphabet (Umatilla) [7]

ˀ	a	c	c̓	č	č̓	h	i	ɨ	k	k̓	kʷ
k̓ʷ	l	ł	m	n	p	p̓	q	q̓	qʷ	q̓ʷ	s
š	t	t̓	ƛ	ƛ̓	u	w	x	x̣	xʷ	x̣ʷ	y

Grammar

There are published grammars,[8][9] a recent dictionary,[10] and a corpus of published texts.[11][12]

Sahaptin has a split ergative syntax, with direct-inverse voicing and several applicative constructions.[13]

The ergative case inflects third-person nominals only when the direct object is first- or second-person (the examples below are from the Umatilla dialect):

i- 3.NOM- q̓ínu see -šana -ASP yáka bear paanáy 3SG.ACC i- q̓ínu -šana yáka paanáy 3.NOM- see -ASP bear 3SG.ACC 'the bear saw him'

i- 3.NOM- q̓ínu see -šana -ASP =aš =1SG yáka bear -nɨm -ERG i- q̓ínu -šana =aš yáka -nɨm 3.NOM- see -ASP =1SG bear -ERG 'the bear saw me'

The direct-inverse contrast can be elicited with examples such as the following. In the inverse, the transitive direct object is coreferential with the subject in the preceding clause.

Direct	Inverse
wínš man i- 3.NOM- q̓ínu see -šana -ASP wapaanłá grizzly -an -ACC ku and i- 3.NOM- ʔíƛ̓iyawi kill -ya -PST paanáy 3SG.ACC wínš i- q̓ínu -šana wapaanłá -an ku i- ʔíƛ̓iyawi -ya paanáy man 3.NOM- see -ASP grizzly -ACC and 3.NOM- kill -PST 3SG.ACC 'the man saw the grizzly and he killed it'	wínš man i- 3.NOM- q̓ínu see -šana -ASP wapaanłá grizzly -an -ACC ku and pá- INV- ʔiƛ̓iyawi kill -ya -PST wínš i- q̓ínu -šana wapaanłá -an ku pá- ʔiƛ̓iyawi -ya man 3.NOM- see -ASP grizzly -ACC and INV- kill -PST 'the man saw the grizzly and it killed him'

The inverse (marked by the verbal prefix pá-) retains its transitive status, and a patient nominal is case marked accusative.

A semantic inverse is also marked by the same verbal prefix pá-.

Direct	Inverse
q̓ínu see -šana -ASP =maš =1SG/2SG q̓ínu -šana =maš see -ASP =1SG/2SG 'I saw you'	pá- INV- q̓inu see -šana -ASP =nam =2SG pá- q̓inu -šana =nam INV- see -ASP =2SG 'you saw me'

In Speech Act Participant (SAP) and third-person transitive involvement, direction marking is as follows:

Direct	Inverse
á- OBV- q̓inu see -šana -ASP =aš =1SG paanáy 3SG.ACC á- q̓inu -šana =aš paanáy OBV- see -ASP =1SG 3SG.ACC 'I saw him/her/it'	i- 3.NOM- q̓ínu see -šana -ASP =aš =1SG pɨ́nɨm 3.ERG i- q̓ínu -šana =aš pɨ́nɨm 3.NOM- see -ASP =1SG 3.ERG 'he/she/it saw me'

See also

• Sahaptian languages
• Sahaptin people
• Cayuse
• Palus (tribe)
• Umatilla (tribe)
• Walla Walla (tribe)
• Yakama

Notes

References

External links

• Beavert, Virginia; Sharon Hargus (2010). Ichishkiin sinwit Yakama/Yakima Sahaptin Dictionary. Toppenish, WA: Heritage University, University of Washington Press. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
• Beavert, Virginia (2012). Wántwint Inmí Tiináwit: A Reflection of What I Have Learned. PhD thesis: University of Oregon, OR. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
• "Sahaptin Noun Dictionary (Yakama Dialect)". Retrieved 2012-07-10.
• Muir, Pat (2010-02-20). "Virginia Beavert keeping Sahaptin language alive". Yakima Herald-Republic. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
• McDonald, Rachael (2009-05-25). "Yakama Elder Keeps Language Alive". KLCC Eugene Oregon NPR. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
• Martin, Shelby (2009-02-14). "Rare Yakama Sahaptin language taught at university". Spokesman.com, The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
• Dadigan, Marc (2010). "Guardians of Language". CAScade, UO College of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
• ELAR archive of Yakima (Sahaptin) language documentation materials
• Jansen, Joana Worth (2010). "Grammar Of Yakima Ichishkíin /Sahaptin" (PDF). [PDF.
• Yakama Ichishkíin flashcard decks

На других языках

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- [en] Sahaptin language

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[fr] Sahaptin

Le sahaptin ou shahaptin (sħáptənəxw ou ichishkíin sɨ́nwit en sahaptin) est un continuum linguistique de langues amérindiennes de la famille sahaptienne, parlé par les Sahaptins dans le nord-ouest du Plateau du Columbia dans le sud-ouest de l’État de Washington, le nord de l’Oregon et le sud-ouest de l’Idaho aux États-Unis[1].

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[it] Lingue sahaptin

Le lingue sahaptin o shahaptin[1] sono un gruppo di lingue penuti del plateau[2] parlate negli Stati Uniti d'America.

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[ru] Сахаптин

Сахаптин (Sahaptin, Shahaptin) — плато-пенутийский язык, который относится к сахаптийской ветви, на котором говорят на одном из участков северо-западного плато около реки Колумбия и её притоках на юге штатов Вашингтон и Орегон и на юго-западе штата Айдахо в США. Также имеет диалекты валла-валла, тенино, уматилла и якима.

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