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Takelma /təˈkɛlmə/[1] was the language spoken by the Latgawa and Takelma people and Cow Creek band of Upper Umpqua. It was first extensively described by Edward Sapir in his graduate thesis, The Takelma Language of Southwestern Oregon.[2] The last fluent speaker of Takelma, with whom Sapir worked while writing about the language, was Frances Johnson (Gwísgwashãn). A dictionary from English to Takelma is currently being created in the hopes it can be revived.[3]

Takelma
Taakelmàʔn
Native to	United States
Region	Oregon, Rogue Valley along the middle course of the Rogue River
Ethnicity	Takelma, Latgawa, Cow Creek band of Upper Umpqua
Extinct	1934, with the death of Frances Johnson
Language family	Penutian? Takelma
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tkm
Glottolog	take1257
Takelma (south), with the Kalapuyan languages to the north
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Dialects

• Latgawa dialect, spoken in southwestern Oregon along the upper Rogue River
• Lowland (Takelma) dialect, spoken in southwestern Oregon in the Rogue Valley

There was possibly a Cow Creek dialect spoken in southwestern Oregon along the South Umpqua River, Myrtle Creek, and Cow Creek.[4]

Genealogical relations

Takelma is commonly included in the controversial Penutian macro-family, as first suggested by Edward Sapir.[5]

Within Penutian, Takelma has been grouped together with the Kalapuyan languages in a "Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" language family.[6][7][8][9] However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998)[10] finds this relationship to be unfounded because of the extremely different morphological structures of Takelma and Kalapuyan. DeLancey follows this position.^{[citation needed]}

Phonology

Consonants

The consonant phonemes as described by Sapir are:[2]

		Labial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
			plain	sibilant		plain	labialized
Nasal		m	n
Stop/Afficate	plain	p	t			k	kʷ	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ			kʰ	kʷʰ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	tsʼ		kʼ	kʼʷ
Fricative			(ɬ)	s		x		h
Approximant			l		j		w

Vowels

The vowel system of the Takelma language comprises the six vowels /a e i o u ʉ/, as well as their lengthened counterparts /aː eː iː oː uː ʉː/.

Tones

Three tones are noted as /v́/, /v̀/, and /v/.[11]

Grammar

Takelma, like many Native American languages, is polysynthetic meaning that one can link together many different morphemes to form a word. Therefore one single word can often contain a lot of information that in English would be portrayed in a full sentence. This is mainly done by adding affixes to verbs.

Tense

Takelma has 6 different tenses listed below with the first (aorist) being the basic tense which is equivalent to the immediate future, present, and past.

1. Aorist
2. Potential
3. Future
4. Inferential
5. Present Imperative
6. Future Imperative

Person and possession

In Takelma, possession is marked by a set of affixes. Most of them are suffixes but there is one prefix. Below is a table of the four declensional sets.

	1 sg.	2 sg.	3 sg/pl	1 pl.	2 Pl. reflexive	3 sg. reflexive	3 pl.
I	wi-	`-ʔtʰ	-(x)	-tam	-ʔtʰpan	-(x)akʷa	-(x)akʷan
II	-t/tʰekʰ	-t/tʰeʔ	-t/tʰ	-tam	-t/tʰapaʔn	-t/tʰakʷa	-t/tʰakʷan
III	´-tʰkʰ	`-ʔtʰ	`-(tʰ)	-tam	`-ʔtʰpan	`-tʰkʷa	`-tʰkʷan
IV	-té:	-taʔ	`-ta	-tam	tapaʔn or `-ʔtʰpan	`-tʰkʷa or `-takʷa	`-takʷan or `-tʰkʷan

Set I is only ever used with terms of kinship. For example:

Wi-wá:	wà:-ʔtʰ	wi:-xa
‘my younger brother’	‘your younger brother’	‘his younger brother’

Set II is used with bare stems or stems having the formant. For example:

-x:hè:l	hè:l-tʰekʰ	hè:l-tʰa
‘song’	‘my song’	‘his song’

tàkax-tekʰ	tàkax-ta
‘my head’	‘his head’

Alternations between –t and –tʰ in set II and set IV is regular and predictable.

Set III is used with stems having other formants. For example:

xá:n	xa:lám-tʰkʰ	xa:lám
‘urine’	‘my urine’	‘his urine’

tán	taná-tʰkʰ	taná
‘rock’	‘my rock’	‘his rock’

p’á:-n	p’á:n-tʰkʰ	p’á:n-tʰ
‘liver’	‘my liver’	‘his liver’

Set IV is used in locative constructions. For example:

ha-wili-té

‘in my house’

versus

wili-tʰkʰ

‘my house’

xa:-kʷel-té

‘between my legs’

versus

kʷé:lx-tekʰ

‘my legs’

wa-té ‘to me’

[12]

[13]

Object markers

Takelma has a complex system of verbal pronominal suffixes and is also accompanied by the loss of case markers on nouns. This represents a complete shift to full head marking. In the 3rd person object marker in Takelma, the suffix –kʰwa which is realized on the verb. However the distribution of –kʰwa is very restricted.

Here is the full set of object markers:

Object Markers	Singular	Plural
1st	-xi	-am
2nd	-pi	-ampʰ
3rd	∅/ -kʰwa	∅/ -kʰwa

For the 1st and 2nd person objects overt marking is required with clear difference between singular and plural. For 3rd person there is no difference between singular and plural and there is also alternation between the suffix –kʰwa and zero suffix.

The zero variant occurs with animates as well as inanimate, covert pronouns, and overt nominals.

However –kʰwa occurs in three distinct environments. First, when the subject is also 3rd person. Second, it is always used when the object is higher in animacy than the subject. This means that the object refers to a human also a mythic animal that is thought of as a human being. The third situation is when the subject and object are of equal animacy but the object outranks the subject in topicality.[14]

Words

Takelma	English
[mìːʔskaʔ]	one
[kàːʔm]	two
[xìpiní]	three
[kamkàm]	four
[déːhal]	five
[haʔiːmìʔs]	six
[haʔiːkàːʔm]	seven
[haʔiːxín]	eight
[haʔiːkó]	nine
[ìxtiːl]	ten

References

Further reading

• Edward Sapir (1914). Takelma texts. University Museum. ISBN 9780598058058. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
• Comparative vocabulary of the languages spoken by the 'Umpqua,' 'Lower Rogue River' [Takelma] and 'Calapooia' tribes of Indians" (35 pp., original dated May 1859), California Language Archive
• OLAC resources in and about the Takelma language

На других языках

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- [en] Takelma language

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[es] Idioma takelma

El takelma era la lengua del pueblo takelma, originario del suroeste de Oregón. El autónimo usado por los takelma era taakelmàʔn (de < taa-kemá-aʔn: a.lo.larg-río-persona, 'persona [que vive] a lo largo del río').

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[fr] Takelma

Le takelma est une langue amérindienne parlée aux États-Unis, dans le sud-ouest de l'Oregon. La langue qui est un isolat est éteinte depuis le milieu du XXe siècle.

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[ru] Такелма (язык)

Такелма — исчезнувший изолированный язык, распространённый до 19 в. среди индейцев племени такелма.

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