lingvo.wikisort.org - Language
Yokuts, formerly known as Mariposa, is an endangered language spoken in the interior of Northern and Central California in and around the San Joaquin Valley by the Yokuts people. The speakers of Yokuts were severely affected by disease, missionaries, and the Gold Rush. While descendants of Yokuts speakers currently number in the thousands, most of the constituent dialects are now extinct.
| Yokuts | |
|---|---|
| Mariposa | |
| Region | San Joaquin Valley, California |
| Ethnicity | Yokuts |
Native speakers | Unknown 20–25 fluent and semispeakers (Golla 2007) |
Language family | Yok-Utian
|
| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | yok |
| Glottolog | yoku1255 |
| ELP | Yokuts |
 Pre-contact distribution of the Yokuts language | |
The Yawelmani dialect of Valley Yokuts has been a focus of much linguistic research.
Dialects
The Yokuts language consists of half a dozen primary dialects. An estimated forty linguistically distinct groups existed before Euro-American contact. The following classification appears in Whistler & Golla (1986).
Poso Creek
- Palewyami Yokuts (also known as Poso Creek, Altinin)
General Yokuts (all others)
- Nim
- Northern Yokuts
-
- Chukaymina (also spelled Chukaimina)
- Michahay
- Ayitcha (also known as Aiticha, Kocheyali)
- Choynimni (also spelled Choinimni)
- Valley Yokuts (see)
Speakers and language revitalization
Most Yokuts dialects are extinct, as noted above. Those that are still spoken are endangered.
Until recent years, Choinimni, Wikchamni, Chukchansi, Kechayi, Tachi and Yawelmani all had a few fluent speakers and a variable number of partial speakers. Choynimni went extinct in 2017. Wikchamni, Chukchansi, Tachi, and Yawelmani were being taught to at least a few children during the first decade of the twenty-first century.
Chukchansi is now a written language, with its own alphabet developed on a federal grant. Chukchansi also has a phrase book and dictionary that are partially completed. In May 2012, the Linguistics Department of Fresno State University received a $1 million grant to compile a Chuckchansi dictionary and grammar texts,[1] and to "provide support for scholarships, programs, and efforts to assemble native texts and create a curriculum for teaching the language so it can be brought back into social and ritual use."[2]
Genetic relations
Yokutsan is a key member in the proposed Penutian language stock. Some linguists consider most relationships within Penutian to be undemonstrated (cf. Campbell 1997). Others consider a genetic relationship between Yokuts, Utian, Maiduan, Wintuan, and a number of Oregon languages to be definite (cf. DeLancey and Golla 1997). Regardless of higher-order disagreement, Callaghan (1997) provides strong evidence uniting Yokuts and the Utian languages as branches of a Yok-Utian language family.
The term "Delta Yokuts" has recently been introduced in lieu of the longer "Far Northern Valley Yokuts" for the dialect spoken by the people in the present Stockton and Modesto vicinities of San Joaquin and Stanislaus counties, California, prior to their removal to Mission San Jose between 1810 and 1827. Of interest, Delta Yokuts contains a large number of words with no cognates in any of the other dialects, or for that matter in the adjacent Utian languages, although its syntax is typically Northern Valley Yokuts (Kroeber 1959:15-17). This anomaly has led Whistler (cited by Golla 2007:76) to suggest, "The vocabulary distinctive of some of the Delta Yokuts dialects may reflect substratal influence from pre-proto-Yokuts or from an extinct Yok-Utian language." Golla (2007:77) suggests that a "pre-proto-Yokuts" homeland was in the Great Basin, citing a rich plant and animal vocabulary for a dry environment and a close connection between Yokuts basketry styles and those of prehistoric central Nevada.
Proto-language
| Proto-Yokuts | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Yokuts languages |
Proto-Yokuts reconstructions from Whistler and Golla (1986):[3]
gloss Proto-Yokuts acorn *pʰutʰuʂ beaver *t’ɨːpɨkʰ ~ *ʈ’ɨːpɨkʰ blood *hɨːpa-ʔ bone *c’iy child *witʰip child (diminutive) *wicʰip coyote *kʰay’iw eight *mun’us eye *sasa-ʔ fingernail *xiːsix fire *ʔoʂitʰ fish *lopʰiʈʰ flea *p’aːk’il friend *noːcʰi head louse *tʰihiʈʰ heart *ʔuʂik’ horn *ɨʂɨl’ mountain *lomitʰ mouth *sama-ʔ north *xosim nose *ʈʰɨŋɨk’ shaman *ʔaŋʈʰiw skunk *cʰox sky *ʈʰipʰin star *c’ayatas string *c’ikiy tears *maŋal three *ʂoːpʰin two *poŋiy water *ʔilik’
See also
- Yokuts people
References
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (May 2022) |
- "Chukchansi language to be preserved with grant". KFSN News. abc30.com. 2:14 minutes in. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
- "Fresno State Receives $1 Million to Preserve, Revitalize Chukchansi Language". Foundation Center Philanthropy News Digest. 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
- Whistler, Kenneth; Golla, Victor (1986). "Proto-Yokuts Reconsidered". International Journal of American Linguistics. 52 (4): 317–358. doi:10.1086/466028. S2CID 144822697.
- Callaghan, Catherine (1997). "Evidence for Yok-Utian". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63: 121–133. doi:10.1086/466313. S2CID 144374174.
- Callaghan, Catherine (2001). "More Evidence for Yok-Utian: A Reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber Sets". International Journal of American Linguistics. 67 (3): 313–345. doi:10.1086/466461. S2CID 145406834.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historic Linguistics of Native America. New York, Oxford University Press.
- DeLancey, Scott; Golla, Victor (1997). "The Penutian Hypothesis: Retrospect and Prospect". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63: 171–202. doi:10.1086/466318. S2CID 143844592.
- Gamble, Geoffery (1988). "Reconstructed Yokuts Pronouns". Diachronica. 5 (1–2): 59–71. doi:10.1075/dia.5.1-2.04gam.
- Golla, Victor. (1964). Comparative Yokuts Phonology. University of California Publications in Linguistics (No. 34); Studies in Californian Linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Golla, Victor. (2007). "Linguistic Prehistory" in California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, pp. 71–82. Jones, Terry L. and Klar, Kathryn A., editors. New York: Altamira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.
- Golla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
- Hockett, Charles (1973). "Yokuts As a Testing Ground for Linguistic Methods". International Journal of American Linguistics. 39 (2): 63–79. doi:10.1086/465244. S2CID 143585441.
- Kroeber, A. L. (1959). Northern Yokuts. Anthropological Linguistics 1(8):1-19. Bloomington, Indiana.
- Kroeber, A. L. (1963). Yokuts Dialect Survey. University of California Anthropological Records 11(3):177-251. Berkeley.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Newman, Stanley S. (1944). Yokuts Language of California. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No. 2. New York.
- Newman, Stanley S. (1946). The Yawelmani Dialect of Yokuts. Linguistic Structures of Native America, pp. 222–248, C. Osgood, ed., Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No. 6. New York.
- Powell, John Wesley Powell. (1891). Indian Linguistic Families of America, North of Mexico, Washington: Government Printing Office, pages 90–91.
- Whistler, Kenneth; Golla, Victor (1986). "Proto-Yokuts Reconsidered". International Journal of American Linguistics. 52 (4): 317–358. doi:10.1086/466028. S2CID 144822697.
External links
- Yokuts[Usurped!]
- Yokuts languages fonts, Languagegeek.com
- Yokuts (Northern Foothill): Lord's prayer
- Chawchila metathesis
- Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine (map after Kroeber)
- Yokuts languages language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- "OLAC resources in and about the Yokuts language". Retrieved 2012-07-30.
- "General Yokuts – California Language Archive". Retrieved 2012-07-30.
 Yokuts nation | |||||
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| People |
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| History and geography | Tulare Lake (Islands in Tulare Lake) • Buena Vista Lake • Painted Rock (Tulare County, California) • San Luis Gonzaga Archeological District | ||||
| Languages & subtribes | Yokuts language (Proto-Yokuts • Yok-Utian languages) • Buena Vista Yokuts • Chukchansi dialect • Delta Yokuts • Gashowu Yokuts • Hometwoli dialect • Kings River Yokuts • Northern Valley Yokuts • Palewyami Yokuts • Southern Valley Yokuts • Tulamni • Tule-Kaweah Yokuts • Valley Yokuts • Yawdanchi dialect | ||||
| Culture & spirituality | Yokuts traditional narratives • Kuksu • Ghost Dance | ||||
| Reservations and rancherías | Tule River Farm • Santa Rosa Rancheria • Tejon Indian Tribe of California • Table Mountain Rancheria • Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians | ||||
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На других языках
- [en] Yokuts language
[es] Lenguas yokuts
Las lenguas yokuts (también llamadas yokutsanas y mariposa) es un grupo de lenguas en peligro de desaparición habladas por la etnia yokut en la zona interior del sur de California y cercanías del valle de San Joaquin, Estados Unidos. Los parlantes de estas lenguas resultaron muy afectados por la acción de las enfermedades, por la labor misionera y por la fiebre del oro. La mayor parte de las mismas está actualmente extinguida.[fr] Langues yokuts
Les langues yokuts sont une famille de langues amérindiennes parlées dans le centre et le Nord de la Californie dans et autour de la vallée de San Joaquin.[ru] Йокутские языки
Йоку́тские языки (йокуцские, йокутс, марипозские; Yokuts, Yokotch) — семья индейских языков Северной Америки. Были распространены среди индейцев-йокутов в центральных районах Калифорнии в бассейне реки Сан-Хоакин вплоть до западных отрогов Сьерра-Невада. По переписи 1990 года насчитывалось 103 носителя всех йокутских языков, по переписи 2000 — всего 30 человек.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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