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Klamath (/ˈklæməθ/),[3] also Klamath–Modoc (/ˈklæməθ ˈmoʊdɒk/) and historically Lutuamian (/ˌluːtuˈæmiən/), is a Native American language spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California. It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. By 1998, only one native speaker remained,[4] and by 2003, this last fluent Klamath speaker who was living in Chiloquin, Oregon, was 92 years old.[5] As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects;[6] however, as of 2019, revitalization efforts are underway with the goal of creating new speakers.[7]

Klamath
Klamath-Modoc, Lutuamian
Maqlaqsyals
Native to	United States
Region	Southern Oregon and northern California
Ethnicity	170 Klamath and Modoc (2000 census)[1]
Extinct	2003, with the death of Neva Eggsman[2][1]
Language family	Penutian? Plateau Penutian Klamath
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kla
Glottolog	klam1254
ELP	Klamath-Modoc
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Klamath is a member of the Plateau Penutian language family, which is in turn a branch of the proposed Penutian language family. Like other proposed Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian languages are rich in ablaut, much like Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages. Further evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and other alleged Penutian languages. For example, the Proto-Yokuts retroflexes */ʈ ʈʼ/ correspond to Klamath /tʃ tʃʼ/, and the Proto-Yokuts dentals */t̪ t̪ʰ t̪ʼ/ correspond to the Klamath alveolars /t tʰ tʼ/.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front		Back
	short	long	short	long
Close	i ~ ɪ	iː
Open-mid	æ ~ ɛ	æː	ɔ ~ u	oː
Open			ə ~ ɑ	ɑː

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar		Palato- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
			plain	lateral
Plosive	unaspirated	p	t		tʃ		k	q	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		tʃʰ		kʰ	qʰ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ		tʃʼ		kʼ	qʼ
Fricative			s						h
Sonorant	voiced	m	n	l		j	w
	voiceless	m̥	n̥	l̥		ȷ̊	w̥
	glottalized	mʼ	nʼ	lʼ		jʼ	wʼ

Klamath alphabet [8]

Spelling	a	aa	b	c	cʼ	d	e	ee	g	ɢ	h	i	ii	j	k	kʼ	l	L	lʼ	m	M	mʼ	n	N	nʼ	o	oo	p	pʼ	q	qʼ	s	s?	t	t’	w	W	w’	y	Y	yʼ	?
Phoneme	ə	ɑː	p	tʃʰ	tʃʼ	t	ɛ	æː	k	q	h	ɪ	iː	tʃ	kʰ	kʼ	l	l̥	lˀ	m	m̥	mˀ	n	n̥	nˀ	ɔ	oː	pʰ	pʼ	qʰ	qʼ	s	sˀ	tʰ	t’	w	w̥	wˀ	j	ȷ̊	jˀ	ʔ

Obstruents in Klamath, except for /s/, /h/ and /ʔ/, all come in triplets of unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective sounds.[9] Sonorant triplets are voiced, voiceless, and "laryngealized" sounds.[10]

Most consonants can be geminated. The fricative /s/ is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent sound change.[11] Albert Samuel Gatschet recorded geminated /sː/ in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated /s/ by M. A. R. Barker in the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same, */sː/ may have degeminated into /s/.

Syntax

Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive and applicative constructions.[12]

See also

• List of extinct languages of North America

Notes

References

• Barker, M. A. R. (1963a). Klamath Texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics, volume 30. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• ———. (1963b). Klamath Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics 31. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• ———. (1964). Klamath Grammar. University of California Publications in Linguistics 32. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• Barker, Philip. (1959). The Klamath language. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
• Blevins, Juliette. (1993). Klamath Laryngeal Phonology. The University of Chicago Press
• Blevins, J. (2004, July). Klamath sibilant degemination: Implications of a recent sound change. IJAL, 70, 279–289.
• Chen, D. W. (1998, April 5). Blackboard: Lost languages; Kuskokwim not spoken here. New York Times.
• de Angulo, Jaime (1931). The Lutuami language (Klamath-Modoc). Société des Américanistes. OCLC 27210767.
• Maudlin, W. S. (1998, April 17). Yale linguists part of effort to save dying languages. The Yale Herald. Retrieved May 6, 2008
• Rude, Noel (1987). Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 12:67-83.
• Rude, Noel (1988). Semantic and pragmatic objects in Klamath. In In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics, ed. by William Shipley, pp. 651–73. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Rude, Noel (1991). Verbs to promotional suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath. In Approaches to Grammaticalization, ed. by Elizabeth C. Traugott and Bernd Heine. Typological Studies in Language 19:185-199. New York and Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Online texts

• Coville, Frederick Vernon (1897). Notes on the plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon. Retrieved 2012-08-30. Includes Klamath language plant names.
• Gatschet, Albert S. (1890). The Klamath Indians of southwestern Oregon. ISBN 9780665527449. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
• Gatschet, Albert S. (1880). The numeral adjective in the Klamtah language of southern Oregon. ISBN 9780665329326. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
• Gatschet, Albert S. (1878). Sketch of the Klamath language of Southern Oregon. ISBN 9780665328503. Retrieved 2012-08-30.

External links

• The Klamath Tribes Language Project
• Languages of Oregon: Klamath
• Klamath-Modoc language, native-languages.org
• Modoc language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• Klamath language, California Language Archive
• OLAC resources in and about the Klamath-Modoc language
• Klamath Bibliography

На других языках

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[de] Klamath (Sprache)

Klamath (.mw-parser-output .IPA a{text-decoration:none}ˈklæməθ),[2] auch Klamath–Modoc (ˈklæməθ_ˈmoʊdɒk) und (veraltet) Lutuamian (,lu:tu:'aemi@n),[3] ist eine ausgestorbene Sprache der Plateau-Penuti-Familie innerhalb der Penuti-Sprachen. Sie wurde von indigenen Bewohnern um den Upper Klamath Lake im heutigen südlichen Oregon und nördlichen Kalifornien gesprochen. Es handelt sich um die traditionelle Sprache der Klamath und Modoc, die jeweils eigene Dialekte verwendeten. Seit April 1998 wurde sie nur noch von einer Person gesprochen.[4] Der letzte fließend Klamath sprechende Mensch in Chiloquin war 2003 92 Jahre alt.[5] Seit 2006 gibt es weder beim Klamath- noch beim Modoc-Dialekt noch lebende Muttersprachler.[6]

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- [en] Klamath language

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[fr] Klamath (langue)

Le klamath (ou klamath-modoc) est une langue amérindienne parlée aux États-Unis, dans le sud de l'Oregon, par les Klamath et les Modoc.

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[ru] Кламат-модокский язык

Кламат-модок (или просто кламат, исторически лутуамийский язык) — практически исчезнувший язык североамериканских индейцев племён кламаты и модоки (их диалекты были взаимопонимаемы). Был распространён вокруг Верхнего Кламатского озера (юг Орегона, север Калифорнии. По состоянию на 1998 г. носителем был всего один человек[1]. Этим человеком являлся один йокут, перекочевавший в долину Туймаада.

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