lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Jopara[1] (Guarani pronunciation: [ɟopaˈɾa]) or Yopará (Spanish: [ɟʝopaˈɾa]) is a colloquial form of Guarani spoken in Paraguay which uses a number of Spanish loan words. Its name is from the Guarani word for "mixture".[2]

Jopara
Yopará
Native to	Paraguay
Language family	Tupian Tupi–Guarani Guarani (I) Guaraní Jopara
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	jopa1240

Spanish language
A manuscript of the Cantar de mio Cid, 13th century
Overview
Pronunciation stress Orthography Names
History
Old Middle Influences
Grammar
Determiners Nouns gender Pronouns personal object Adjectives Prepositions Verbs conjugation irregular verbs
Dialects
Andalusian Andean Argentine Belizean Bolivian Canarian Caribbean Central American Chilean Colombian Costa Rican Cuban Dominican Ecuadorian Equatoguinean Guatemalan Honduran Mexican Murcian New Mexican Nicaraguan Panamanian Peninsular Peruvian Philippine Puerto Rican Rioplatense Saharan Salvadoran Standard Uruguayan
Dialectology
seseo yeísmo voseo leísmo loísmo
Interlanguages
Belgranodeutsch Llanito Jopara Judaeo-Spanish Portuñol Spanglish Castrapo Creoles Roquetas Pidgin Chavacano or Chabacano Palenquero or Palenque
Teaching
Hispanism RAE Instituto Cervantes
v t e

The majority of Paraguayans, particularly younger ones, speak some form of Jopara.

Since 2016, the language-learning app Duolingo has offered a course in Jopara for Spanish speakers.

Social context

Speakers of both Guarani and Spanish typically employ a great deal of code-switching between the two languages, hence why the blending of the two languages is called "Jopara," meaning "mixture." The relative amount of Guarani or Spanish used in speech varies depending upon the birth of the speakers, the place where they speak, with whom they are speaking, the topic of discussion, and how they want their meaning to be interpreted. Generally, the rural and older population tends to use more Guarani, while the urban and younger population uses more Spanish—the rural and older population understands more Guarani and the urban and younger more Spanish. General and every-day conversation is more suited to Guarani, while technical and specific or formal conversation is more suited to Spanish. Guarani can be interpreted as more "Paraguayan" while Spanish can be interpreted as more "sophisticated."

Since 1992, under the Paraguay's Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) Act, Guarani in its "pure form"—different from the day-to-day speech of Jopara—has been taught in schools. This led to contradictory opinions: some say that teaching pure Guarani is the best means to preserve the language's integrity, while others argue that how Guarani is taught differs greatly from how it is commonly spoken.

Lexicon

Many grammatical markers for features found in Guarani but not in Spanish, like evidentiality markers, are borrowed from Guarani. For example (Guarani words in bold):[3]

• La niña ndaje no comía más casi dos días voi y por eso estaba un poco desnutrida, pero el tua ánga igual le pegaba
• It is said that the girl would not eat for more than two days. Well, for that reason she was somewhat malnourished, but the stepfather would still hit her.

Some Spanish words, when put in a sentence mixed with Guarani, have a different meaning from that of standard Spanish. They can come from calques of equivalent Guarani expressions. For example:[3]

• Tu hijo creció todo ya.
• Your son grew all already.

See also

• Diglossia
• WikiProject Guaraní (in Spanish)

References

На других языках

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- [en] Jopara

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[ru] Дёпара

Дёпара́ (йопара, джопара; гуар. Jopará [ɟopaˈɾa]; исп. Yopará [ʝopaˈɾa]) — сильно испанизированный вариант языка гуарани, основное средство общения в Республике Парагвай. Образовался в результате смешения автохтонного языка индейцев гуарани с языком испанских колонизаторов. Этимология слова восходит к двум автохтонным корням: гуар. jo [дё] («взаимный, общий») и гуар. pará («разноцветный»), означая, таким образом, «всеобщее смешение».

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